Electron Energy Loss
Electron Energy Loss - Related Videos
01:21
Energy Losses in Transformers
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2023
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality, the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses. There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers. The first cause can be the high resistance of the copper windings...
02:13
Nuclear Binding Energy
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2020
The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...
12:27
Piping Networks and Pressure Losses
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2023
Source: Alexander S Rattner, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA This experiment introduces the measurement and modeling of pressure losses in piping networks and internal flow systems. In such systems, frictional flow resistance from channel walls, fittings, and obstructions causes mechanical energy in the form of fluid pressure to be converted to heat. Engineering analyses are needed to size flow hardware to ensure...
03:12
Ionization Energy
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2020
The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge: The energy required to remove the second most loosely bound electron is called the second ionization energy (IE2). The energy required to remove the third electron is the third ionization energy, and so on. Energy is always required...
02:27
Energy Basics
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2020
Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter. Chemical changes and their accompanying changes in energy are important parts of everyday life. The macronutrients in food undergo metabolic reactions that provide the energy to keep bodies functioning. A variety of fuels (gasoline, natural gas, coal) is burned to produce energy for transportation, heating, and the generation of electricity. Industrial chemical reactions use...
FAQs
Different inelastic channels leave different energy signatures. Vibrational excitation reflects energy transferred to molecular or lattice motion, plasmons indicate collective electronic excitation, and electronic transitions reflect changes between electronic states. At larger losses, ionization can occur. Considering these channels helps connect a measured spectrum with the type of chemical or electronic response in the material.
The energy difference between incoming and outgoing electrons is the central observable because it records how much energy the material absorbed. Rather than relying only on whether scattering occurred, researchers can associate particular losses with vibrations, plasmons, electronic transitions, or ionization. This makes the measurement sensitive to chemical structure and electronic behavior at the site examined.
Its sensitivity to chemical and electronic structure allows measurements to contribute to identifying elements and characterizing bonding and oxidation states. These signals provide more than a compositional inventory: they can indicate how atoms are chemically connected and how their electronic condition changes, which is valuable when comparing materials or regions within one sample.
An electron energy-loss measurement can be paired with electron microscopy or spectroscopy so that energy-transfer information is considered alongside a sample’s local or broader signal. This combination links local composition with electronic behavior. It is especially useful when researchers need to examine chemically distinct regions in surfaces, thin films, or nanoscale materials rather than characterize only a bulk sample.
Surfaces, thin films, and nanoscale materials are important targets because electron energy-loss measurements can probe their composition and electronic behavior in chemically localized settings. The approach therefore suits studies where small structures or near-surface regions matter. In chemistry and materials research, it can help relate what a material contains to how its electrons respond.
In catalysis, the method provides a way to examine the elements, bonding, and oxidation states associated with a catalyst while also probing electronic behavior. Those measurements can support interpretation of how catalyst composition relates to chemical function. More broadly, the same strategy serves materials science and molecular analysis when researchers need chemically and electronically informative measurements.