In Vitro Swelling
In Vitro Swelling - Related Videos
07:04
Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
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Cited by 121 •
2017
This protocol describes an assay for measuring CFTR function and CFTR modulator responses in cultured tissue from subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). Biopsy-derived intestinal organoids swell in a cAMP-driven fashion, a response that is defective (or strongly reduced) in CF organoids and can be restored by exposure to CFTR modulators.
05:53
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
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Cited by 11 •
2018
This protocol aims to describe a method to examine the Ca2+ retention capacity and Ca2+- triggered mitochondrial swelling of isolated mitochondria of SH-SY5Y cells step-by-step.
08:25
Advanced 3D Liver Models for In vitro Genotoxicity Testing Following Long-Term Nanomaterial Exposure
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Cited by 21 •
2020
This procedure was established to be used for developing advanced 3D hepatic cultures in vitro, which can provide a more physiologically relevant assessment of the genotoxic hazards associated with nanomaterial exposures over both an acute or long-term, repeated dose regimes.
08:03
An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc
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Cited by 22 •
2017
Whole organ culture of the intervertebral disc (IVD) preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Here we describe an IVD culture system using mouse lumbar and caudal IVDs in their functional spinal units and several applications utilizing this system.
05:07
An In Vitro Method for the Differentiation of Megakaryocytes and Platelet Formation
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2025
This video demonstrates a technique for the differentiation of megakaryocytes and the formation of platelets. Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells — isolated from human umbilical cord blood — differentiate into mature megakaryocytes in the presence of thrombopoietin. The mature megakaryocytes produce cytoplasmic extensions termed proplatelets, which give rise to individual platelets.
FAQs
Three interacting effects control the outcome. Solvent molecules diffuse into the polymer network, and osmotic pressure promotes additional fluid uptake. Crosslinks generate elastic forces that resist expansion. The observed swelling ratio therefore reflects the balance between solvent entry, the tendency of the material to absorb more liquid, and mechanical resistance within the network.
Solvent composition, pH, temperature, and ionic strength can alter how much liquid a material absorbs and how it expands. Researchers vary these conditions systematically to examine environmental sensitivity and changes in polymer behavior. Comparing swelling ratios across controlled conditions helps reveal which chemical or physical factors most strongly influence performance.
Time-dependent measurements show how solvent uptake and material expansion progress, rather than providing only a single final observation. This reveals how the polymer network responds as liquid enters and the competing uptake and elastic forces develop. The resulting swelling profile helps researchers compare materials and identify conditions that produce more predictable behavior.
A typical workflow places a polymer, hydrogel, or absorbent material in a selected liquid under controlled laboratory conditions. Researchers then monitor its expansion and record the swelling ratio over time. Repeating the measurement while changing solvent composition, pH, temperature, or ionic strength allows the material's response to different chemical environments to be compared.
Swelling measurements show how a material responds to liquid exposure, including the extent and timing of expansion. That information helps researchers evaluate whether hydrogels and related polymer networks can provide predictable behavior in applications such as drug-delivery systems and tissue-engineering materials. Controlled swelling can be an important design consideration when performance depends on interaction with fluids.
The method connects molecular interactions with observable material performance. Solvent diffusion, osmotic pressure, and crosslink-mediated elasticity determine how a polymer network changes in a chosen environment. By varying conditions such as pH, temperature, or ionic strength, researchers can characterize membranes and responsive polymers and assess whether their expansion behavior is sufficiently predictable for intended use.