Formal Potential
Formal Potential - Related Videos
02:42
Formal Charges
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2020
In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists. Calculating Formal Charge The formal charge of an atom in a molecule is the hypothetical charge the atom would have if the electrons in the bonds are evenly distributed between the atoms. Alternatively, formal charge results when from the number...
02:19
Lewis Structures and Formal Charges
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2025
Lewis symbols can be used to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures—drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The periodic table can be used to predict the number of valence electrons in an atom and the number of bonds that will be formed to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, have filled electron configurations and thus rarely participate in chemical bonding. However, atoms from group 17, such as bromine...
11:04
Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism
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Cited by 8 •
2014
Accurate, causality-based quantification of global diastolic function has been achieved by kinematic modeling-based analysis of transmitral flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism. PDF generates unique stiffness, relaxation, and load parameters and elucidates 'new' physiology while providing sensitive and specific indexes of dysfunction.
06:50
Electric Potential
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2023
Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Electric potential, also known as "voltage", measures the electric potential energy per unit charge. Electric field is a scalar quantity and is fundamental to many electrical effects. Like potential energy, what is physically meaningful is the difference in the electric potential. For example, the spatial variation in the electric potential is related to the electric...
00:52
Potential Energy
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2019
The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy. Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...
FAQs
The Nernst equation adjusts the potential of a redox couple according to the activities or concentrations of the reacting species under specified conditions. Consequently, the observed value can shift as the chemical environment changes, rather than remaining fixed at a standard reference. This adjustment makes Formal Potential useful for evaluating electron-transfer behavior in natural waters, soils, and sediments.
These variables alter the chemical forms and effective activities of the reacting species. Changes in pH can influence which species participate, ionic strength affects the surrounding chemical environment, and ligand binding can modify the availability of a metal or other reactant. The resulting shift helps explain why the same redox couple may behave differently across environmental settings.
Standard potential provides a reference for defined standard conditions, whereas Formal Potential incorporates the conditions of the experiment or environment. It therefore reflects the influence of pH, ionic strength, ligand binding, and reactant concentrations or activities. For environmental interpretation, this condition-specific value can provide a more practical basis for judging whether a redox transformation is favored.
Comparing the values of relevant redox couples helps indicate which electron-transfer pathways are more consistent with the prevailing chemical conditions. Such comparisons can distinguish alternative transformations and identify conditions associated with oxidation or reduction of environmental species. In turn, they support interpretation of how contaminants may change form, degrade, persist, or move through an environmental system.
A practical analysis begins by identifying the redox couples involved and documenting the relevant environmental conditions. Researchers then account for pH, ionic strength, ligand binding, and reactant activities or concentrations when evaluating the potentials. Comparing the resulting condition-specific values can reveal plausible electron-transfer pathways and help connect those pathways with observed chemical transformations.
Formal Potential can be applied to redox questions in soils, sediments, groundwater, and natural waters. These settings differ in their chemical conditions, so the values associated with redox couples may also differ. Evaluating each setting separately helps researchers interpret local speciation and assess how environmental conditions influence the mobility and persistence of metals or contaminants.
The approach supports assessment of redox transformations that control the form and behavior of metals and contaminants. By relating condition-specific potentials to electron-transfer pathways, researchers can examine changes in speciation, pollutant degradation, transport, and persistence. This makes the analysis relevant when determining how a contaminant may respond to the chemical conditions of a soil, sediment, groundwater, or natural-water system.