Amphibian Infection
Amphibian Infection - Related Videos
06:49
Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
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Cited by 18 •
2014
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in amphibians can be eliminated using a reduced concentration (0.0025%) and shorter duration (five minute baths for six days) of itraconazole than is generally used. Less mortality and fewer negative side effects were observed using this modified treatment protocol.
11:39
Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation
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Cited by 29 •
2013
We describe the preparation of thin retinal slices from aquatic tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) and explain how we use these slices to study synaptic processing in the retina by obtaining dual whole-cell voltage clamp recordings from photoreceptors and second-order horizontal and bipolar cells.
04:37
Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Cited by 17 •
2019
The study of amphibian biology provides valuable information on the reproductive, physiological, embryological and developmental processes that drive organisms of many taxonomic groups. Here, we present a comprehensive guide on different methodologies that can be used to study ovarian control and monitoring in amphibians.
05:19
Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Strains from Skin of Terrestrial Amphibians
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2025
This is a method for sampling and isolating culturable bacteria from the cutaneous microbiota of European plethodontid salamanders (Speleomantes genus). Here, we present a protocol for sampling salamander skin with swabs and processing them using culturable approaches. We describe sampling, isolation, and establishment of axenic culture with bacterial strain characterization.
12:30
Use of Galleria mellonella as a Model Organism to Study Legionella pneumophila Infection
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Cited by 108 •
2013
The larva of the wax moth Galleria mellonella was recently established as an in vivo model to study Legionella pneumophila infection. Here, we demonstrate fundamental techniques to characterize the pathogenesis of Legionella in the larvae, including inoculation, measurement of bacterial virulence and replication as well as extraction and analysis of infected hemocytes.
FAQs
These surfaces act as the first protective barriers that pathogens must breach. Once a barrier is compromised, innate immune responses provide the initial defense before lymphocytes and antibodies participate in adaptive immunity. This sequence helps researchers distinguish early host responses from later, more specialized defenses when analyzing disease progression in amphibians.
Temperature and environmental stress can influence how disease progresses, making infection outcomes dependent on conditions outside the host as well as on the pathogen. Including these variables helps explain why the same infectious challenge may produce different effects among amphibians and connects immunological responses with disease ecology.
Innate immunity responds first after pathogens breach protective surfaces, providing an immediate defense. Adaptive immunity develops afterward through lymphocytes and antibodies, which represent more specialized host responses. Separating these phases allows investigators to study both the timing of defense and how amphibians coordinate rapid protection with later immune activity.
Studies should account for pathogen type, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, as well as pathogen traits that may affect disease progression. Host-associated conditions also matter, particularly environmental stress, temperature, and skin microbiota. Considering these factors together provides a broader view of why infection outcomes vary.
Research can connect immune responses and disease progression with the health of amphibian populations. This information supports wildlife health assessments and conservation biology by clarifying factors associated with disease effects. Because amphibians contribute to ecosystem stability, understanding infection can also help evaluate broader ecological consequences of population-level disease.
Amphibians provide a model for examining interactions among host defenses, pathogens, and environmental conditions. Research can address how barrier tissues, innate responses, lymphocytes, antibodies, skin microbiota, and pathogen traits relate to disease ecology. These studies also contribute to investigation of emerging diseases that may affect populations and ecosystem stability.