Low-energy Emulsion
Low-energy Emulsion - Related Videos
04:08
Preparing an Antigen-Adjuvant Emulsion to Induce Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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2025
This video demonstrates an efficient homogenization technique to generate an antigen-adjuvant emulsion to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in a murine model. The emulsion contains an autoantigen — myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) — in the water phase, surrounded by a continuous oil phase comprising an inactivated pathogenic bacteria. The emulsion ensures a sustained release of antigens for a prolonged immune response.
08:35
Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives
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2017
We present an apparatus based on hot-wire ignition in a pressurized enclosure and an associated methodology to measure the minimum pressure required to induce sustained combustion in water-based emulsion explosives. This method improves product characterization to allow one to use them more safely during pumping and mixing operations.
10:52
Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets
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Cited by 19 •
2016
The assembly and positioning of the mitotic spindle depend on the combined forces generated by microtubule dynamics, motor proteins and cross-linkers. Here we present our recently developed methods in which the geometrical confinement of spherical emulsion droplets is used for the bottom-up reconstitution of basic mitotic spindles.
04:10
What is Energy?
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2020
The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized plants)...
12:48
PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
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Cited by 211 •
2013
We describe the production and characterization of nanoparticles and microparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) using vitamin E-TPGS as an emulsifier. By varying formulation parameters such as the concentration of emulsifier, it is possible to produce nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging from 220 nm to 1.98 µm.
FAQs
Composition and phase behavior determine whether the system progresses toward finely dispersed droplets. Adjusting the relative aqueous and oil phases can move the formulation through spontaneous emulsification or phase inversion, while changes in composition alter interfacial conditions. These transitions provide the basis for forming an emulsion without relying primarily on intensive mechanical mixing.
Surfactants lower interfacial tension between the aqueous and oil phases, making droplet formation more accessible at relatively low energy input. Their action supports the composition-driven transitions used in spontaneous emulsification and phase inversion. Because surfactant effects influence dispersion and stability, the formulation must remain compatible with immune-active ingredients intended for experimental use.
The main distinction is how droplet dispersion is achieved. Low-energy Emulsion uses changes in composition, interfacial tension, or phase behavior, including controlled phase addition, whereas high-energy approaches depend on intensive mechanical mixing. This difference can support more efficient formulation and handling when the intended application requires dispersed antigens, adjuvants, antimicrobials, or biological delivery systems.
Droplet size, stability, composition, and compatibility with immune-active ingredients are central performance factors. These properties influence how consistently the formulation remains dispersed and how practically it can be handled during experimental evaluation. For immunology and infection research, the same factors are relevant whether the emulsion carries a vaccine antigen, an adjuvant, an antimicrobial compound, or another biological delivery component.
A basic workflow begins by selecting compatible aqueous, oil, and surfactant components, then controlling how one phase is added to the other. The formulation is directed toward spontaneous emulsification or phase inversion as composition and interfacial conditions change. Researchers then assess the resulting dispersion, including droplet size, stability, and compatibility with the intended immune-active ingredient.
Researchers may use these formulations to prepare vaccine antigens, adjuvants, antimicrobial compounds, or biological delivery systems. The approach can improve dispersion and handling while allowing the resulting formulation to undergo experimental evaluation. Its relevance is greatest when composition, droplet characteristics, and ingredient compatibility need to be considered together during development of an immune- or infection-related formulation.
Evaluation should focus on whether the formulation produces a suitably dispersed system with acceptable droplet size, stability, and compatibility with its immune-active contents. These measurements help determine whether the preparation is practical for handling and further experimental study. In vaccine, antimicrobial, or delivery applications, they provide formulation-level information before performance is assessed in immunology and infection research.