Pattern Recognition Receptors
Pattern Recognition Receptors - Related Videos
12:43
Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
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Cited by 12 •
2014
Innate defenses to virus infections are triggered by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The two cytoplasmic PRRs RIG-I and PKR bind to viral signature RNAs, change conformation, oligomerize, and activate antiviral signaling. Methods are described which allow to conveniently monitor the conformational switching and the oligomerization of these cytoplasmic PRRs.
04:42
Visualization of Viral Double-Stranded RNA and Host Pattern Recognition Receptors in Infected Epithelial Cells
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2026
Source: Mateer, E., et al., Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the confocal imaging of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in virus-infected epithelial cells. It highlights how antibody-based fluorescent labeling reveals the interaction between viral replication intermediates and host immune sensors.
09:09
The Ex Vivo Culture and Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation of Mouse Intestinal Organoids
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Cited by 4 •
2016
Here, a protocol to harvest, maintain, and treat mouse small intestinal organoids with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Listeria monocytogenes is described, as well as emphasis on gene expression and proper normalization techniques for protein.
04:24
Studying Cell Rolling Trajectories on Asymmetric Receptor Patterns
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Cited by 3 •
2011
We describe a protocol to observe and analyze cell rolling trajectories on asymmetric receptor-patterned substrates. The resulting data are useful for engineering of receptor-patterned substrates for label-free cell separation and analysis.
06:44
Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
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Cited by 12 •
2019
Double-stranded RNA produced during RNA virus replication can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors to induce an innate immune response. For negative-sense RNA viruses, the interaction between the low-level dsRNA and PRRs remains unclear. We have developed a confocal microscopy method to visualize arenavirus dsRNA and PRR in individual cells.
FAQs
Detection by a PRR initiates signaling pathways that alter cellular immune activity rather than merely identifying a stimulus. These pathways can induce inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, antimicrobial programs, and other defenses. The resulting responses provide rapid protection and help coordinate later immune activity, making downstream signaling a central focus in infection and inflammation research.
PRR location helps determine which signals a cell can encounter: some receptors survey the cell surface, others operate in endosomes, and others monitor the cytoplasm. Toll-like, NOD-like, RIG-I-like, and C-type lectin receptor families therefore represent distinct sensing systems. Comparing these families helps explain how immune cells detect different microbial or damage-associated patterns.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns indicate microbial presence, whereas damage-associated molecular patterns arise from cellular injury. Both can activate innate defenses, but their involvement connects PRR signaling to two related contexts: infection and tissue inflammation. Distinguishing these inputs helps researchers interpret whether a response reflects microbial recognition, cellular damage, or the interaction between both conditions.
A useful investigation can begin by identifying the receptor family and cellular location relevant to the model, then examining the immune outputs associated with activation. Researchers may evaluate inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons, antimicrobial programs, or other responses described for PRR signaling. This framework links the initiating sensor with measurable consequences during host-pathogen studies.
PRRs provide targets for studying vaccines, immunotherapies, autoimmune disease, and pathogen immune evasion. In vaccine and immunotherapy research, their signaling is relevant to induced immune activity. In autoimmunity, damage-associated activation helps frame inflammatory mechanisms, while pathogen-evasion studies examine how microbes interfere with or avoid host sensing and its downstream defenses.
PRR-driven defense acts rapidly, before an antigen-specific response develops, so it establishes an early immunological context for infection. Its cytokine, interferon, and antimicrobial outputs help explain the host's initial reaction while researchers separately consider the later antigen-specific phase. This timing makes PRRs important for interpreting how infection progresses from immediate sensing to broader immune response.