Phage Genome Copies
Phage Genome Copies - Related Videos
02:46
Genome Copying Errors
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2021
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels. Proofreading - DNA polymerase enzymes, for example, introduce 1 incorrect nucleotide per...
04:30
Phage Purification from Borrelia burgdorferi
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2026
Source: Eggers, C. H. Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Vis. Exp. (2022).This video demonstrates the isolation of borrelial phage particles from a Borrelia burgdorferi suspension using polyethylene glycol-mediated phase separation. The sample is centrifuged, treated with a salt solution, and a molecular crowding agent to precipitate phages. Chloroform extraction is done to remove debris and concentrate phage particles. The purified phage...
10:52
Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems
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2025
Here, we present a protocol to reduce DNA modifications in bacteriophages using the NgTET enzyme, enabling efficient and scarless CRISPR-Cas mutagenesis. This method facilitates the genetic engineering of phages for applications in biotechnology and phage therapy.
08:31
Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'
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Cited by 2 •
2013
Single Virus Genomics (SVG) is a method to isolate and amplify the genomes of single virons. Viral suspensions of a mixed assemblage are sorted using flow cytometry onto a microscope slide with discrete wells containing agarose, thereby capturing the virion and reducing genome shearing during downstream processing. Whole genome amplification is achieved using multiple displacement amplification (MDA) resulting in genomic material that is suitable for sequencing.
11:21
Phage Transduction: A Method to Transfer Ampicillin Resistance from Donor to Recipient E. coli
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2023
Source: Alexander S. Gold1, Tonya M. Colpitts1 1 Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infections Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA Transduction is a form of genetic exchange between bacteria that utilizes bacteriophages, or phages, a class of virus that infects exclusively prokaryotic organisms. This form of DNA transfer, from one bacterium to another by way of a phage, was discovered in 1951 by Norton Zinder and Joshua Ledererg, who termed the...
FAQs
After a phage enters a susceptible bacterial cell, its genome directs host resources toward phage-related processes. In a productive infection, the genome is replicated before new virions assemble and leave the cell. Consequently, measuring genome copies over time can help indicate whether phage replication is occurring within the infected bacterial population rather than only reflecting an initial input.
Genome-copy patterns depend on whether bacteria can support phage infection. A susceptible cell can permit the incoming genome to direct use of host resources and, in a productive infection, produce additional genome material before virion release. Thus, measurements must be interpreted in relation to the bacterial host, because phage presence alone does not describe the infection process.
Changes across sampling times can provide evidence about phage replication, persistence, or clearance. An increasing signal may be consistent with genome production during infection, whereas a declining signal may indicate that phage material is being cleared from the sampled system. These patterns become more informative when measured repeatedly in cultures, environmental samples, or infected tissues.
Researchers quantify phage genome copies with methods such as quantitative PCR or sequencing. These approaches allow measurements to be compared across samples or time points, supporting analysis of phage abundance and changes during infection. The selected measurement can then be used to follow persistence, replication, or clearance in cultures, environmental samples, and infected tissues.
The approach can be applied to bacterial cultures, environmental samples, and infected tissues. Examining more than one setting helps researchers study whether phage material persists, increases during replication, or declines during clearance. In infection research, the sample context is important because the measurement connects phage abundance with a particular host, environment, or tissue-associated process.
These measurements help investigators examine host-phage interactions, antimicrobial activity, microbiome changes, and phage-based infection control. In immunology and infection studies, tracking copies supplies a quantitative way to follow phage behavior during or after exposure to a bacterial system. The resulting patterns can inform whether phages remain detectable, replicate, or are cleared in the studied context.