Bregma Landmark
Bregma Landmark - Related Videos
04:47
Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
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Cited by 4 •
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Here, we present a protocol to navigate the bronchial maze in a structured manner, splitting the bronchoscopy into a stepwise approach-the four landmarks approach.
05:22
Systematic Endobronchial Ultrasound - The Six Landmarks Approach
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Cited by 1 •
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Endobronchial ultrasound-guided sampling using transbronchial needle aspiration plays a key role in staging and diagnosing lung cancer. We propose a systematic stepwise approach dividing the procedure into six landmarks that should be taught to new operators.
10:23
Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Cited by 2 •
2023
Presented here is a detailed protocol for the conduction of three-dimensional cephalometric analysis with the use of human cone beam computed tomography scans.
08:42
Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks
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Cited by 21 •
2018
This protocol provides a comprehensive dissection and analysis guide for the use of deep ocular landmarks, s-opsin immunohistochemistry, Retistruct, and custom code to accurately and reliably orient the isolated mouse retina in anatomical space.
02:34
Mouse Headpost Implantation: A Method for Head Fixation in Rodents
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2023
This video shows a headpost implantation surgery in murine model. The headpost is used not only to head-fix and therefore restrain the mouse during experimentation, but also to securely attach a head device in freely moving animals.
FAQs
The landmark establishes a reference point from which three positional measurements are organized: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and dorsal-ventral. Rather than describing a tool location only by its visible entry site, investigators can express its intended position relative to this origin. This coordinate framework supports systematic placement and makes targeting information easier to compare across stereotaxic experiments.
Coordinates alone specify a position relative to the skull, but they do not by themselves identify every underlying neural structure. Researchers therefore consult brain atlases to relate measured positions to anatomy. This step connects an external reference system with internal brain organization, helping investigators interpret where an electrode, cannula, or injection needle was intended to act.
Any error in recognizing the suture intersection can shift the coordinate origin and consequently affect all three measured dimensions. The resulting tool placement may differ from the intended neural target, complicating interpretation of neural circuits. Careful landmark identification therefore supports reproducibility within an experiment and more meaningful comparison of locations reported across studies.
A skull entry point records where an instrument reaches the external surface, whereas a Bregma-based position describes that location through standardized distances from a shared reference. The latter supplies directional structure across anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and dorsal-ventral axes. Brain-atlas comparison can then connect those measurements to the intended internal anatomy.
Researchers first identify the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures on the dorsal skull. They then treat that point as the coordinate origin, measure the planned anterior-posterior and medial-lateral offsets, and determine the dorsal-ventral position. Finally, the recorded coordinates guide placement of the selected electrode, cannula, injection needle, or other tool.
Coordinates referenced to this landmark can guide several stereotaxic instruments, including electrodes, cannulas, injection needles, and other tools. The specific instrument depends on the experiment, but the shared coordinate approach provides a common way to plan and report its intended location. Researchers can then use atlas information to interpret the targeted brain region.
It is especially useful when studies need to compare placements or relate experimental manipulation to neural circuits. Because investigators can report positions relative to the same cranial reference and consult atlases for anatomical interpretation, the landmark helps connect procedural coordinates with underlying structures. This supports clearer assessment of whether differences in findings may reflect distinct target locations.