Laser Stimulation
Laser Stimulation - Related Videos
11:02
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
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Cited by 17 •
2010
In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.
14:18
Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
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Cited by 2 •
2016
A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.
09:37
In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System
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Cited by 25 •
2015
Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.
09:50
Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation
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Cited by 6 •
2011
This paper introduces an approach of combining laser scanning photostimulation with whole cell recordings in transgenic mice expressing GFP in limited inhibitory neuron populations. The technique allows for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local synaptic circuits of specific inhibitory cortical neurons.
06:40
Laser-guided Neuronal Tracing In Brain Explants
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2015
We describe a technique to label neurons and their processes via anterograde or retrograde tracer injections into brain nuclei using an in vitro preparation. We modified an existing method of in vitro tracer electroporation by taking advantage of fluorescently labeled mouse mutants and basic optical equipment in order to increase labeling accuracy.
FAQs
Engineered light-sensitive proteins provide a molecular route for laser stimulation: when illuminated, they regulate ion flow and thereby influence neuronal firing. This links the optical stimulus to activity in selected cells. Because the approach can target defined neural populations, it helps test how circuit elements contribute to sensory processing, behavior, or other functions.
Direct photothermal and photochemical effects do not rely on engineered proteins. Instead, the tissue response arises from how light energy interacts with the biological target, producing changes through heating-related or chemical pathways. Distinguishing these mechanisms matters when interpreting neural activity, because observed effects may reflect illumination itself rather than selective control through a molecular actuator.
Wavelength, intensity, and exposure duration are central variables in laser stimulation. Their effects also depend on the optical properties of the targeted tissue, which influence how light interacts with the biological system. Considering these factors together helps researchers relate a particular illumination condition to the resulting cellular or neuronal response rather than treating light exposure as uniform.
Spatial control comes from directing light toward selected neural cells or tissue regions, while temporal control comes from controlling when illumination occurs and how long it lasts. This combination allows researchers to associate changes in neural activity with specific targets and time periods, supporting more precise tests of circuit operation and the relationship between neural activity and function.
A planning workflow begins by identifying the neural target and deciding whether the intended effect will use engineered light-sensitive proteins or a direct photothermal or photochemical pathway. Researchers then consider the relevant wavelength, intensity, exposure duration, and tissue optical properties. These choices determine how the illumination should be interpreted and what cellular response can be examined.
Laser stimulation is useful when researchers need to manipulate selected cells while examining circuit activity, sensory processing, or behavior. It can also support investigations of brain disorders by connecting targeted neural changes with functional outcomes. In addition, its precision contributes to the development of minimally invasive neuromodulation strategies and tools for relating neural activity to function.