Questionnaires
Questionnaires - Related Videos
04:51
Observational Research
0 Views •
2023
Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco—Monmouth University If you want to know how someone thinks or feels, you can ask that person questions. Another approach is to observe how the person is acting or look for indicators of how they acted in the past. While observations may seem revealing, it isn’t always easy to know if they are truly accurate. For instance, you may see a person smiling and assume they are happy, when in reality they are annoyed and...
14:02
Measuring Engagement of Spectators of Social Digital Games
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2021
We propose a methodology that enables measuring engagement of spectators in a social digital game combining physiological and self-reported data. As this digital game involves a group of freely moving people, the experience is filmed using a synchronizing technique that links physiological data with events in the game.
09:52
How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners
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Cited by 2 •
2018
This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).
08:34
Thinking Too Much Impairs Decision-Making
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2023
Source: Peter Mende-Siedlecki & Jay Van Bavel—New York University When we are considering a tough choice between two or more attractive options, we often end up actively weighing the pros and cons of each alternative. By reflecting on their advantages and disadvantages, we attempt to fit a complex, subjective decision into an orderly set of criteria. However, research in psychology suggests that this sort of introspective approach might not always yield the most optimal outcomes.1 In other...
11:51
Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
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Cited by 9 •
2011
The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.
FAQs
Question wording affects whether responses measure intended research concepts or reflect misunderstanding and systematic response patterns. Careful wording helps limit measurement bias, while inconsistent interpretation can weaken the usefulness of comparisons and statistical estimates. Researchers therefore review items against the concepts being studied and use standardized phrasing so that differences in answers more plausibly reflect differences among respondents.
Validity and reliability address different risks in questionnaire-based measurement. Validity concerns whether items represent the research concepts they are intended to measure, whereas reliability concerns the consistency of the resulting measurements. Considering both helps researchers judge whether summaries, estimates, hypothesis tests, or group comparisons are based on interpretable data rather than unstable or poorly targeted items.
Response formats determine how readily answers can be coded and compared. Multiple-choice items and scales produce structured categories or ordered responses that can be summarized statistically, while open-ended answers may require coding before analysis. The choice should match the research concept and intended analysis, because format influences the detail available and the consistency of comparisons across respondents.
Developing a questionnaire begins by translating the concepts of interest into measurable items. Researchers then select suitable response formats, plan sampling and administration, and standardize how responses will be recorded. After collection, answers can be coded, summarized, and analyzed. Reviewing validity, reliability, missing responses, and potential bias at these stages supports more defensible results.
Representative sampling determines whether questionnaire results can describe the intended population rather than only the people who responded. Administration also matters because the way the instrument is delivered can affect participation and response patterns. In statistical studies, researchers therefore examine sampling and response behavior alongside collected answers, especially when estimating population characteristics or comparing groups.
Missing responses should be treated as a data-quality issue rather than silently ignored. Researchers need to identify how much information is absent, consider whether the missingness could affect summaries or comparisons, and report the handling approach used in analysis. Appropriate treatment is important because incomplete answers can alter estimates, weaken group comparisons, or complicate hypothesis testing.
Questionnaires support several statistical purposes, including describing populations, estimating characteristics, testing hypotheses, and comparing groups. They can also be used to study relationships when items represent relevant concepts and the resulting data are coded consistently. Interpretation should remain tied to data quality because weak validity, unreliable measurement, unrepresentative sampling, bias, or poorly handled missing responses can limit conclusions.