Epidural Stimulation
Epidural Stimulation - Related Videos
06:58
Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
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Cited by 21 •
2016
Non-restraining EEG radiotelemetry is a valuable methodological approach to record in vivo long-term electroencephalograms from freely moving rodents. This detailed protocol describes stereotaxic epidural and deep intracerebral electrode placement in different brain regions in order to obtain reliable recordings of CNS rhythmicity and CNS related behavioral stages.
09:04
Epidural Intracranial Pressure Measurement in Rats Using a Fiber-optic Pressure Transducer
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Cited by 30 •
2012
A novel technique to record the pressures within the skull is described. The minimally invasive method uses a fibre-optic pressure sensing system to accurately measure intracranial pressure (ICP) in anaesthetized rats without causing significant brain trauma. The technique may be used in a wide range of experimental models.
11:02
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
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Cited by 17 •
2010
In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.
01:29
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia
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2023
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery. Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
12:09
Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Cited by 29 •
2014
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.
FAQs
The pulses can influence spinal cord circuits rather than simply acting as a passive signal. By changing how sensory and motor signals are transmitted or processed, stimulation may alter pain-related signaling or support motor activity. This circuit-level effect explains why the same general technique can be adapted to different clinical goals.
Programming primarily provides control over stimulation intensity and pulse patterns. Clinicians can adjust these settings to align treatment with the intended goal, such as influencing pain processing or supporting motor training. Because responses vary with patient condition and treatment parameters, programming is an important part of tailoring the intervention.
These applications use the influence of spinal cord circuits in different ways. For chronic pain, stimulation may alter the processing or transmission of sensory signals. During neurological rehabilitation, it may support motor activity and training after spinal cord injury. The therapeutic emphasis therefore depends on the clinical problem and rehabilitation objectives.
The setup requires electrodes to be placed in the epidural space and connected with a stimulator that generates controlled electrical pulses. The system is then programmed so intensity and stimulation patterns can be adjusted for the clinical objective. This arrangement allows treatment parameters to be modified as the patient’s needs and responses are evaluated.
Outcomes depend on several interacting factors, including the patient’s condition, the selected stimulation parameters, and the rehabilitation provided alongside treatment. A setting that supports one clinical objective may not produce the same result in another situation. For this reason, treatment effects are interpreted in relation to both neuromodulation and the broader care plan.
Research is refining the electrode systems, stimulation protocols, and combined therapies used with epidural stimulation. These efforts aim to improve how electrical inputs are delivered and integrated with rehabilitation or other treatment approaches. Continued investigation is relevant to both pain management and neurological recovery, where outcomes can vary substantially among patients.