Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the parent carboxylic acids by replacing "-ic acid" with "-yl halide."

For cyclic acid halides, the suffix "-carboxylic acid" is changed to "-carbonyl halide."

In esters, the alkyl group attached to the oxygen atom is named first, followed by the acid, where the suffix "-ic acid" is replaced with "-ate."

Cyclic esters, also called lactones, are named by substituting the suffix "-oic acid" or "-ic acid" with "-olactone."

Here, the ring size is added as a prefix. For IUPAC names, the ring size is indicated by a number, whereas for common names, it is designated by a Greek letter.

In symmetrical anhydrides, the suffix "-acid" is changed to "-anhydride." In unsymmetrical anhydrides, the names of both carboxylic acids are listed alphabetically, followed by the suffix "anhydride."

Cyclic anhydrides derived from dicarboxylic acids are named by replacing the suffix "acid" with "anhydride."