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Organic Chemistry

Video textbook for undergraduate courses: Visualized concepts and experiments

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21 Chapters

391 Videos

2,600+ Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter 1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

15 Videos · 38 Minutes

What is Organic Chemistry?

1.1: What is Organic Chemistry?

84.8K views

Electronic Structure of Atoms

1.2: Electronic Structure of Atoms

26.6K views

Electron Configurations

1.3: Electron Configurations

23K views

1.4: Chemical Bonds

19.8K views

Polar Covalent Bonds

1.5: Polar Covalent Bonds

26.3K views

Lewis Structures and Formal Charges

1.6: Lewis Structures and Formal Charges

18.1K views

1.7: VSEPR Theory

12.3K views

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

1.8: Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

16.1K views

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

1.9: Resonance and Hybrid Structures

22.5K views

Valence Bond Theory and Hybridized Orbitals

1.10: Valence Bond Theory and Hybridized Orbitals

24.9K views

MO Theory and Covalent Bonding

1.11: MO Theory and Covalent Bonding

12.9K views

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

1.12: Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

24.6K views

1.13: Solubility

19.8K views

Introduction to Functional Groups

1.14: Introduction to Functional Groups

32.8K views

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

1.15: Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

27.8K views

Chapter 2

Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics

12 Videos · 28 Minutes

Chemical Reactions

2.1: Chemical Reactions

12.5K views

Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

2.2: Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

9.1K views

Energetics of Solution Formation

2.3: Energetics of Solution Formation

7.1K views

Entropy and Solvation

2.4: Entropy and Solvation

7.7K views

Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability

2.5: Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability

7.4K views

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

2.6: Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

4.5K views

Rate Law and Reaction Order

2.7: Rate Law and Reaction Order

10.3K views

Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate

2.8: Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate

4.5K views

Multi-Step Reactions

2.9: Multi-Step Reactions

8K views

Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

2.10: Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

10.1K views

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

2.11: Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

18.4K views

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

2.12: Predicting Reaction Outcomes

9.1K views

Chapter 3

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

14 Videos · 32 Minutes

Structure of Alkanes

3.1: Structure of Alkanes

31K views

Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

3.2: Constitutional Isomers of Alkanes

20.9K views

Nomenclature of Alkanes

3.3: Nomenclature of Alkanes

24.7K views

Physical Properties of Alkanes

3.4: Physical Properties of Alkanes

13.1K views

Newman Projections

3.5: Newman Projections

19.3K views

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

3.6: Conformations of Ethane and Propane

15.9K views

Conformations of Butane

3.7: Conformations of Butane

16.2K views

3.8: Cycloalkanes

14.5K views

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

3.9: Conformations of Cycloalkanes

13.4K views

Conformations of Cyclohexane

3.10: Conformations of Cyclohexane

14.2K views

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

3.11: Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

16.9K views

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

3.12: Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

14K views

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: <em>cis-trans</em> Isomerism

3.13: Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

13.4K views

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

3.14: Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

7.3K views

Chapter 4

Stereoisomerism

12 Videos · 29 Minutes

4.1: Chirality

27.8K views

4.2: Isomerism

21.7K views

4.3: Stereoisomers

16.5K views

Naming Enantiomers

4.4: Naming Enantiomers

23.6K views

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

4.5: Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

19.6K views

Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

4.6: Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

14.1K views

Fischer Projections

4.7: Fischer Projections

15.2K views

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

4.8: Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

20K views

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

4.9: Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

10.3K views

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

4.10: Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

6.4K views

4.11: Prochirality

4.4K views

Chirality in Nature

4.12: Chirality in Nature

15.2K views

Chapter 5

Acids and Bases

7 Videos · 16 Minutes

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

5.1: Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

22.1K views

Lewis Acids and Bases

5.2: Lewis Acids and Bases

15.8K views

Acid and Bases: <em>K</em><sub>a</sub>, p<em>K</em><sub>a</sub>, and Relative Strengths

5.3: Acid and Bases: K_a, pK_a, and Relative Strengths

30.1K views

Position of Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions

5.4: Position of Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions

13.4K views

Molecular Structure and Acidity

5.5: Molecular Structure and Acidity

18.9K views

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

5.6: Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

8.9K views

Solvating Effects

5.7: Solvating Effects

8.1K views

Chapter 6

Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides

20 Videos · 49 Minutes

6.1: Alkyl Halides

18.6K views

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

6.2: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

17.9K views

6.3: Nucleophiles

15.3K views

6.4: Electrophiles

12K views

6.5: Leaving Groups

8.9K views

6.6: Carbocations

12.4K views

S<sub>N</sub>2 Reaction: Kinetics

6.7: S_N2 Reaction: Kinetics

9.5K views

S<sub>N</sub>2 Reaction: Mechanism

6.8: S_N2 Reaction: Mechanism

15.6K views

S<sub>N</sub>2 Reaction: Transition State

6.9: S_N2 Reaction: Transition State

10.9K views

S<sub>N</sub>2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

6.10: S_N2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

10.5K views

S<sub>N</sub>1 Reaction: Kinetics

6.11: S_N1 Reaction: Kinetics

8.8K views

S<sub>N</sub>1 Reaction: Mechanism

6.12: S_N1 Reaction: Mechanism

13.1K views

S<sub>N</sub>1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

6.13: S_N1 Reaction: Stereochemistry

9.5K views

Predicting Products: S<sub>N</sub>1 vs. S<sub>N</sub>2

6.14: Predicting Products: S_N1 vs. S_N2

14.6K views

Elimination Reactions

6.15: Elimination Reactions

15.1K views

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

6.16: E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

11.3K views

E2 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

6.17: E2 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

12.6K views

E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

6.18: E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

16.4K views

E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

6.19: E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

10.7K views

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

6.20: Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

12.9K views

Chapter 7

Alkene Structure and Reactivity

7 Videos · 16 Minutes

Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

7.1: Structure and Bonding of Alkenes

18.8K views

Nomenclature of Alkenes

7.2: Nomenclature of Alkenes

13.7K views

Degree of Unsaturation

7.3: Degree of Unsaturation

9.3K views

Isomerism in Alkenes

7.4: Isomerism in Alkenes

13.7K views

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

7.5: Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

14.7K views

Introduction to Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes

7.6: Introduction to Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes

8.9K views

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov’s Rule

7.7: Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes: Markovnikov’s Rule

15.2K views

Chapter 8

Reactions of Alkenes

15 Videos · 37 Minutes

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

8.1: Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

9.3K views

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.2: Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.7K views

Halogenation of Alkenes

8.3: Halogenation of Alkenes

17.1K views

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

8.4: Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

13.9K views

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

8.5: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

15.9K views

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.6: Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

8.9K views

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

8.7: Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

8.4K views

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

8.8: Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

9.7K views

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

8.9: Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

8.7K views

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

8.10: Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

11.4K views

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

8.11: Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

14.4K views

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

8.12: Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

6.5K views

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

8.13: Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

11.8K views

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

8.14: Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

13K views

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

8.15: Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.6K views

Chapter 9

Alkynes

12 Videos · 30 Minutes

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

9.1: Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

12K views

Nomenclature of Alkynes

9.2: Nomenclature of Alkynes

19.9K views

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

9.3: Acidity of 1-Alkynes

10.4K views

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

9.4: Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

11.1K views

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

9.5: Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

16.9K views

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

9.6: Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

9K views

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

9.7: Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

10.6K views

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

9.8: Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

9.5K views

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

9.9: Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

19.5K views

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

9.10: Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

5.9K views

Reduction of Alkynes to <em>cis</em>-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

9.11: Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

8.4K views

Reduction of Alkynes to <em>trans</em>-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.12: Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.9K views

Chapter 10

Alcohols and Phenols

12 Videos · 28 Minutes

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

10.1: Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

19.6K views

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

10.2: Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

15.6K views

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

10.3: Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

20.6K views

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

10.4: Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

6.8K views

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

10.5: Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

21.9K views

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

10.6: Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

11.3K views

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction

10.7: Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction

6.3K views

Protection of Alcohols

10.8: Protection of Alcohols

7.6K views

Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

10.9: Preparation of Diols and Pinacol Rearrangement

3.7K views

Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides

10.10: Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides

7.6K views

Oxidation of Alcohols

10.11: Oxidation of Alcohols

14.3K views

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

10.12: Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

6.4K views

Chapter 11

Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides

15 Videos · 37 Minutes

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

11.1: Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

13.2K views

Physical Properties of Ethers

11.2: Physical Properties of Ethers

7.7K views

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

11.3: Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

11.5K views

Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration

11.4: Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration

8.4K views

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

11.5: Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

6.5K views

Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

11.6: Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

8.7K views

11.7: Crown Ethers

5.6K views

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

11.8: Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

7.1K views

Preparation of Epoxides

11.9: Preparation of Epoxides

8.4K views

Sharpless Epoxidation

11.10: Sharpless Epoxidation

4.5K views

Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

11.11: Acid-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

7.9K views

Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

11.12: Base-Catalyzed Ring-Opening of Epoxides

9.2K views

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

11.13: Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

5.3K views

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

11.14: Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7K views

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

11.15: Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.3K views

Chapter 12

Aldehydes and Ketones

25 Videos · 32 Minutes

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.1: Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

10.9K views

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

12.2: IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

6.9K views

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

12.3: IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

6.8K views

Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.4: Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones

4.5K views

IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.5: IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Aldehydes and Ketones

6.7K views

NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry of Aldehydes and Ketones

12.6: NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry of Aldehydes and Ketones

4.8K views

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

12.7: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

4.6K views

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids

12.8: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Nitriles and Carboxylic Acids

3.9K views

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

12.9: Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

3K views

Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group: General Mechanism

12.10: Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl Group: General Mechanism

6.9K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

12.11: Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

4.1K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

12.12: Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

8.1K views

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

12.13: Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

8.2K views

Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

12.14: Acetals and Thioacetals as Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones

5K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

12.15: Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

3.5K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

12.16: Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

3.8K views

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview

12.17: Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview

8.9K views

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism

12.18: Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism

4.3K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

12.19: Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

5.6K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

12.20: Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

7.2K views

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

12.21: Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

6.5K views

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction

12.22: Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction

5.1K views

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

12.23: Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

4.8K views

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

12.24: Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

4.5K views

Keto–Enol Tautomerism: Mechanism

12.25: Keto–Enol Tautomerism: Mechanism

6.7K views

Chapter 13

Carboxylic Acids

17 Videos · 23 Minutes

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

13.1: IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

11.3K views

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

13.2: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

5.9K views

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

13.3: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

8.1K views

Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

13.4: Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

7.4K views

IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

13.5: IR and UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

5K views

NMR and Mass Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

13.6: NMR and Mass Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids

4.6K views

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview

13.7: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview

3.2K views

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

13.8: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

5.3K views

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

13.9: Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

5.4K views

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

13.10: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

3.5K views

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

13.11: Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

19.7K views

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

13.12: Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Mechanism

8.9K views

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

13.13: Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

2.5K views

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

13.14: Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

7.9K views

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

13.15: Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

3.8K views

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO<sub>2</sub>: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

13.16: Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

3.5K views

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO<sub>2</sub>: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

13.17: Loss of Carboxy Group as CO₂: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

2.2K views

Chapter 14

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

28 Videos · 34 Minutes

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

14.1: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

4.6K views

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

14.2: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

5.1K views

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

14.3: Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

4.6K views

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

14.4: Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

3.2K views

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

14.5: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

2.9K views

Acidity and Basicity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

14.6: Acidity and Basicity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

3.8K views

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

14.7: Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

2.7K views

Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

14.8: Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

3.2K views

Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

14.9: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

4.1K views

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

14.10: Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.1K views

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

14.11: Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

3.4K views

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

14.12: Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

3.5K views

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH<sub>4</sub> Reduction

14.13: Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH₄ Reduction

3.4K views

Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

14.14: Acid Halides to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

2.6K views

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

14.15: Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

3.4K views

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

14.16: Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

3.5K views

Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

14.17: Reactions of Acid Anhydrides

4.7K views

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification

14.18: Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Saponification

5.4K views

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

14.19: Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

3.4K views

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

14.20: Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

4.1K views

Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

14.21: Esters to Alcohols: Grignard Reaction

5K views

Preparation of Amides

14.22: Preparation of Amides

3.5K views

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

14.23: Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.8K views

Amides to Amines: LiAlH<sub>4</sub> Reduction

14.24: Amides to Amines: LiAlH₄ Reduction

5.5K views

Preparation of Nitriles

14.25: Preparation of Nitriles

2.3K views

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

14.26: Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

4.5K views

Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction

14.27: Nitriles to Ketones: Grignard Reaction

5.2K views

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH<sub>4</sub> Reduction

14.28: Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH₄ Reduction

4.1K views

Chapter 15

α-Carbon Chemistry: Enols, Enolates, and Enamines

40 Videos · 49 Minutes

Reactivity of Enols

15.1: Reactivity of Enols

3.5K views

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

15.2: Reactivity of Enolate Ions

2.9K views

Types of Enols and Enolates

15.3: Types of Enols and Enolates

3K views

Enolate Mechanism Conventions

15.4: Enolate Mechanism Conventions

2.4K views

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

15.5: Regioselective Formation of Enolates

3K views

Stereochemical Effects of Enolization

15.6: Stereochemical Effects of Enolization

2.3K views

Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

15.7: Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

15.8: Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.8K views

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

15.9: Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

2.4K views

α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

15.10: α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

3.6K views

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

15.11: α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

3.3K views

Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution

15.12: Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution

3.6K views

Nitrosation of Enols

15.13: Nitrosation of Enols

6.2K views

C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview

15.14: C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview

15.2K views

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

15.15: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

3.9K views

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

15.16: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

2.8K views

Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

15.17: Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

6.3K views

Dehydration of Aldols to Enones: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

15.18: Dehydration of Aldols to Enones: Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

2.5K views

Intramolecular Aldol Reaction

15.19: Intramolecular Aldol Reaction

2.5K views

C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction

15.20: C–C Bond Cleavage: Retro-Aldol Reaction

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Crossed Aldol Reactions: Overview

15.21: Crossed Aldol Reactions: Overview

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Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

15.22: Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

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Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

15.23: Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

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Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Strong Bases: Directed Aldol Reaction

15.24: Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Strong Bases: Directed Aldol Reaction

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Aldol Condensation with β-Diesters: Knoevenagel Condensation

15.25: Aldol Condensation with β-Diesters: Knoevenagel Condensation

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Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Overview

15.26: Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Overview

3.6K views

Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism

15.27: Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Mechanism

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Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation

15.28: Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation

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Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization

15.29: Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization

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β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations

15.30: β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations

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α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

15.31: α-Alkylation of Ketones via Enolate Ions

3.4K views

Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base

15.32: Factors Affecting α-Alkylation of Ketones: Choice of Base

3.4K views

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

15.33: Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

3.8K views

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

15.34: Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

3.7K views

Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

15.35: Conjugate Addition to α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

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Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

15.36: Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

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Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition

15.37: Conjugate Addition of Enolates: Michael Addition

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Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation

15.38: Cyclohexenones via Michael Addition and Aldol Condensation: The Robinson Annulation

2.4K views

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

15.39: Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

3.6K views

Nonenolizable Aldehydes to Acids and Alcohols: The Cannizzaro Reaction

15.40: Nonenolizable Aldehydes to Acids and Alcohols: The Cannizzaro Reaction

2.2K views

Chapter 16

Dienes, Conjugated Pi Systems, and Pericyclic Reactions

27 Videos · 37 Minutes

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

16.1: Structure of Conjugated Dienes

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Stability of Conjugated Dienes

16.2: Stability of Conjugated Dienes

3.8K views

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

16.3: π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

10.5K views

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

16.4: π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion

4.8K views

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

16.5: π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

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Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

16.6: Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

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Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X<sub>2</sub> to 1,3-Butadiene

16.7: Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X₂ to 1,3-Butadiene

3K views

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

16.8: Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

3.1K views

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

16.9: UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

7.7K views

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

16.10: UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

26.8K views

Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction

16.11: Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction

8.7K views

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

16.12: Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.6K views

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

16.13: Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.2K views

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

16.14: Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2K views

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

16.15: Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

3K views

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

16.16: Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

3.9K views

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

16.17: Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.3K views

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

16.18: [4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

11.1K views

Diels–Alder vs Retro-Diels–Alder Reaction: Thermodynamic Factors

16.19: Diels–Alder vs Retro-Diels–Alder Reaction: Thermodynamic Factors

5.4K views

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

16.20: Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

4.3K views

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

16.21: Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

5K views

Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes

16.22: Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes

4.6K views

Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienophiles

16.23: Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienophiles

6.7K views

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

16.24: Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

2.2K views

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

16.25: [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

3K views

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement

16.26: [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement

2.4K views

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

16.27: Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

3.4K views

Chapter 17

Aromatic Compounds

12 Videos · 15 Minutes

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

17.1: Aromatic Compounds: Overview

12.3K views

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

17.2: Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

9.3K views

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

17.3: Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

9.2K views

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

17.4: Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

10.8K views

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

17.5: Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

10.8K views

Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4<em>n</em> + 2 Rule

17.6: Criteria for Aromaticity and the Hückel 4n + 2 Rule

12K views

Hückel’s Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle

17.7: Hückel’s Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle

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Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

17.8: Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

3.3K views

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

17.9: Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

3.3K views

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

17.10: Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

3.3K views

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

17.11: Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

4.7K views

NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

17.12: NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

5.4K views

Chapter 18

Reactions of Aromatic Compounds

25 Videos · 32 Minutes

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

18.1: NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

9.6K views

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

18.2: Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

4.4K views

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

18.3: Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

3K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview

18.4: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Overview

12.8K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

18.5: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

9.6K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

18.6: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

6.8K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

18.7: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

7.3K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

18.8: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

7.1K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

18.9: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

7.4K views

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

18.10: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

8.1K views

Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions

18.11: Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions

6.2K views

Directing Effect of Substituents: <em>ortho</em>–<em>para</em>-Directing Groups

18.12: Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups

7.6K views

Directing Effect of Substituents: <em>meta</em>-Directing Groups

18.13: Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

5.4K views

<em>ortho</em>–<em>para</em>-Directing Activators: –CH<sub>3</sub>, –OH, –&NoBreak;NH<sub>2</sub>, –OCH<sub>3</sub>

18.14: ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH₃, –OH, –⁠NH₂, –OCH₃

6.8K views

<em>ortho</em>–<em>para</em>-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

18.15: ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

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<em>meta</em>-Directing Deactivators: –NO<sub>2</sub>, –CN, –CHO, –&NoBreak;CO<sub>2</sub>R, –COR, –CO<sub>2</sub>H

18.16: meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO₂, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO₂R, –COR, –CO₂H

6.2K views

Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

18.17: Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

3.6K views

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (S<sub>N</sub>Ar)

18.18: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (S_NAr)

4.2K views

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

18.19: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

4.2K views

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic S<sub>N</sub>1

18.20: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic S_N1

2.4K views

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

18.21: Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.2K views

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

18.22: Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

2.4K views

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

18.23: Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

3.4K views

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

18.24: Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

3.7K views

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

18.25: Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

3.8K views

Chapter 19

Amines

29 Videos · 38 Minutes

Amines: Introduction

19.1: Amines: Introduction

5K views

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

19.2: Nomenclature of Primary Amines

4K views

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

19.3: Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

4.5K views

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

19.4: Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

2.7K views

Structure of Amines

19.5: Structure of Amines

2.8K views

Physical Properties of Amines

19.6: Physical Properties of Amines

3.7K views

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

19.7: Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

6.3K views

Basicity of Aromatic Amines

19.8: Basicity of Aromatic Amines

7.6K views

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

19.9: Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

6.5K views

NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

19.10: NMR Spectroscopy Of Amines

9.9K views

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

19.11: Mass Spectrometry of Amines

5.2K views

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

19.12: Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.9K views

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

19.13: Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

4.2K views

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

19.14: Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

4K views

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

19.15: Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.2K views

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

19.16: Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.7K views

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

19.17: Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.3K views

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

19.18: Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

3.4K views

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

19.19: Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

3.7K views

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

19.20: Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

2.9K views

Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

19.21: Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

2.8K views

Amines to Alkenes: Cope Elimination

19.22: Amines to Alkenes: Cope Elimination

2.1K views

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO<sub>2</sub> Overview

19.23: 1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Overview

3.5K views

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO<sub>2</sub> Mechanism

19.24: 1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Mechanism

4.2K views

2° Amines to <em>N</em>-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO<sub>2</sub>

19.25: 2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

4.8K views

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

19.26: Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

2.1K views

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

19.27: Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

19.28: Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

3.2K views

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

19.29: Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

3.9K views

Chapter 20

Radical Chemistry

27 Videos · 34 Minutes

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

20.1: Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

4.6K views

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

20.2: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

3K views

Radical Formation: Overview

20.3: Radical Formation: Overview

2.4K views

Radical Formation: Homolysis

20.4: Radical Formation: Homolysis

4K views

Radical Formation: Abstraction

20.5: Radical Formation: Abstraction

3.9K views

Radical Formation: Addition

20.6: Radical Formation: Addition

2K views

Radical Formation: Elimination

20.7: Radical Formation: Elimination

2K views

Radical Reactivity: Overview

20.8: Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.3K views

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

20.9: Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

2.2K views

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

20.10: Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

1.6K views

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

20.11: Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

2.1K views

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

20.12: Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

2.3K views

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

20.13: Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

1.9K views

Radical Autoxidation

20.14: Radical Autoxidation

2.6K views

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

20.15: Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

2.5K views

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

20.16: Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

9.2K views

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

20.17: Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

4.2K views

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

20.18: Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

4.2K views

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

20.19: Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

2.7K views

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

20.20: Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

5.9K views

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

20.21: Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

2K views

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview

20.22: Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview

3.8K views

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism

20.23: Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Mechanism

4.2K views

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Thermodynamics

20.24: Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Thermodynamics

2.2K views

Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview

20.25: Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview

2K views

Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction

20.26: Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction

2.1K views

α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

20.27: α-Hydroxy Ketones via Reductive Coupling of Esters: Acyloin Condensation Overview

3.1K views

Chapter 21

Synthetic Polymers

20 Videos · 23 Minutes

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

21.1: Characteristics and Nomenclature of Homopolymers

3.6K views

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

21.2: Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

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Polymers: Defining Molecular Weight

21.3: Polymers: Defining Molecular Weight

3.4K views

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

21.4: Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

4.1K views

Polymer Classification: Architecture

21.5: Polymer Classification: Architecture

3.4K views

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

21.6: Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

3.5K views

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

21.7: Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

2.9K views

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

21.8: Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.9K views

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

21.9: Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3K views

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

21.10: Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.2K views

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

21.11: Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.3K views

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

21.12: Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.2K views

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

21.13: Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.5K views

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

21.14: Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.6K views

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

21.15: Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4K views

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

21.16: Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.6K views

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

21.17: Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

2.4K views

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

21.18: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

2.3K views

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

21.19: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

2.8K views

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

21.20: Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

2K views

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