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The authors thank the clinical staff for their assistance with HUT and data acquisition. We also thank the participants for their cooperation. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP24K10639 and AMED Grant Number JP 26ek0109863.

The procedure described in this article represents a standard clinical autonomic function test. No human subjects research was conducted for the purposes of this protocol; therefore, institutional review board approval was not required under institutional guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from participants for the recording and publication of the procedure. An overview of the HUT protocol is presented as a flowchart in Figure 1.
1. Required equipment
<ol>
	<li>Use a tilt table capable of achieving passive head-up tilt.</li>
	<li>Monitor blood pressure continuously using a beat-to-beat noninvasive blood pressure monitoring system whenever available. Use an automated brachial cuff when continuous blood pressure monitoring is unavailable.
	<ol>
		<li>For detecting transient blood pressure changes during HUT, perform continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring using a finger-cuff device based on the volume-clamp method. Because changes in the relative height of the finger cuff with respect to the heart can affect blood pressure measurements during tilt, secure the hand with the finger cuff at heart level using a sling whenever possible. Use height-correction sensors and upper-arm cuff calibration to improve measurement accuracy.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Monitor the electrocardiogram (ECG) continuously during the examination.</li>
</ol>
2. Test environment and preparation
NOTE: The most important principle regarding test timing, room conditions, dietary restrictions, and medication management is to maintain a standardized protocol within each institution to improve reproducibility.
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that appropriately trained personnel are available throughout the examination. When possible, assign two examiners to respond to sudden hypotension, syncope, or arrhythmias.</li>
	<li>To minimize the effects of circadian variation in autonomic function, standardize the start time of the test whenever possible11. When serial examinations are performed, conduct testing at a consistent time of day to improve comparability of results. 
	NOTE: Although orthostatic symptoms are often more pronounced in the morning, the timing of testing should be determined according to local clinical practice and scheduling considerations.</li>
	<li>Maintain the examination room at a comfortable neutral temperature (approximately 25 &#176;C). Control lighting conditions using a windowless room or blackout curtains. Avoid directing bright lights toward the subject&#39;s face. Avoid directing cold airflow from air-conditioning vents toward the subject.</li>
	<li>Ensure an adequate fasting period before testing (e.g., overnight fasting, fasting on the morning of the examination, or at least 2 h after a meal)12.</li>
	<li>Review all medications before testing. When clinically appropriate, withhold medications that may affect blood pressure or autonomic function. Continue medications when the objective is to evaluate symptoms under usual treatment conditions. Standardize medication management within each institution whenever possible.</li>
</ol>
NOTE: Representative medication classes that may influence HUT results are summarized in Table 2.
3. Test procedure
<ol>
	<li>Equipment setup.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the subject in the supine position on the tilt table (tilt angle 0&#176;). Apply safety belts, when available, to prevent falls.</li>
		<li>Initiate continuous blood pressure monitoring. Secure the arm fitted with the finger cuff.</li>
		<li>Apply continuous ECG monitoring whenever possible.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Hemodynamic stabilization before tilt-up.
	<ol>
		<li>Maintain the subject in the supine position for at least 10 min.</li>
		<li>Confirm stabilization of blood pressure and heart rate before tilt-up. 
		NOTE: Movement of any limb can influence blood pressure; therefore, subjects should be instructed to minimize body movement during the examination. Emotional stress can also affect blood pressure; verbal interaction should be limited to reassurance and symptom inquiry.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Tilt maneuver.
	<ol>
		<li>Raise the tilt table to 60&#176;&#8211;70&#176; (occasionally up to 80&#176;) while continuously monitoring blood pressure and heart rate. Complete the tilt-up maneuver smoothly within approximately 10&#8211;30 s.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Hemodynamic assessment after tilt-up.
	<ol>
		<li>Maintain the upright position for at least 3 min to assess classic OH. Continue monitoring for approximately 5 min during routine assessment.</li>
		<li>Extend the upright period to 10&#8211;20 min, or up to 40 min when delayed OH is strongly suspected. Maintain the upright position for up to 10 min when evaluating POTS.</li>
		<li>Record blood pressure and heart rate continuously throughout the upright period.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Termination of the test.
	<ol>
		<li>Return the subject safely to the supine position after the predetermined upright period.</li>
		<li>Confirm stabilization of blood pressure and heart rate.</li>
		<li>Complete the examination after hemodynamic recovery has been verified. 
		NOTE: Even before completion of the planned upright duration, test termination should be considered according to institutional criteria if orthostatic hypotension is confirmed, systolic blood pressure decreases to 70&#8211;90 mmHg (or mean arterial pressure &#60;60 mmHg), prodromal symptoms of syncope occur (e.g., pallor, dizziness, nausea), or serious arrhythmias are detected (e.g., sinus pause &#8805; 3 s, heart rate &#60; 40 bpm, sustained tachyarrhythmia). Leg elevation or intravenous fluid administration should be provided as needed.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Post&#8209;test precautions
	<ol>
		<li>Monitor the subject carefully during transfer from the tilt table.</li>
		<li>Observe for hypotension, dizziness, or falls after completion of the test.</li>
		<li>Exercise particular caution in subjects with neurodegenerative diseases or those who experienced blood pressure reduction during HUT.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Postuma RB et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591-601.</li>
	<li>Wenning GK et al. The Movement Disorder Society criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2022;37(6):1131-48.</li>
	<li>Merola A et al. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson&#8217;s disease: a prospective cohort study. Mov Disord. 2018;33(3):391-7.</li>
	<li>McDonald C, Newton JL, Burn DJ. Orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment in Parkinson&#8217;s disease: causation or association? Mov Disord. 2016;31(7):937-46.</li>
	<li>Thijs RD et al. Recommendations for tilt table testing and other provocative cardiovascular autonomic tests in conditions that may cause transient loss of consciousness: consensus statement of the European Federation of Autonomic Societies (EFAS) endorsed by the American Autonomic Society (AAS) and the European Academy of Neurology (EAN). Clin Auton Res. 2021;31(3):369-84.</li>
	<li>Shen WK et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017;136(5):e60-122.</li>
	<li>Norcliffe-Kaufmann L et al. Orthostatic heart rate changes in patients with autonomic failure caused by neurodegenerative synucleinopathies. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(3):522-31.</li>
	<li>Spodick DH, Lance VQ. Comparative orthostatic responses: standing vs. head-up tilt. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1977;48(5):432-3.</li>
	<li>Aydin AE, Soysal P, Isik AT. Which is preferable for orthostatic hypotension diagnosis in older adults: active standing test or head-up tilt table test? Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:207-12.</li>
	<li>Uppal J et al. Physiological and clinical comparison of active stand and head-up tilt tests in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Auton Neurosci. 2025;260:103281.</li>
	<li>Weiss A, Grossman E, Beloosesky Y, Grinblat J. Orthostatic hypotension in acute geriatric ward: is it a consistent finding? Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(20):2369-74.</li>
	<li>Ishikawa J, Toba A, Futami S, Harada K. Postprandial hypotension: methods for the evaluation and management. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2026;26(4):e70456.</li>
	<li>Lei LY, Chew DS, Raj SR. Differential diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension. Auton Neurosci. 2020;228:102713.</li>
	<li>Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic hypotension: a 10-year follow-up study. Neurology. 2015;85(16):1362-7.</li>
	<li>Freeman R et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011;21(2):69-72.</li>
	<li>Brignole M et al. 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(21):1883-948.</li>
	<li>Ueda M et al. Association of orthostatic blood pressure with the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;75:40-4.</li>
</ol>

The authors used an AI-based language model to assist in refining the language and presentation of parts of the manuscript. All content was reviewed and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the accuracy and interpretation of the work. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.

In this video article, we aimed to promote the dissemination of a standardized and highly reproducible HUT protocol by providing a comprehensive description of the required equipment, test environment, pre&#8209;test preparation, and practical procedures. To achieve reliable, reproducible HUT results, it is essential that each facility establish a protocol compatible with its clinical environment.
One of the initial challenges in implementing HUT is the availability of appropriate equipment. A...

Autonomic dysfunction is a common and clinically meaningful feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#8217;s disease and multiple system atrophy, and its evaluation plays an important role in differential diagnosis, phenotyping, assessment of disease severity, and prediction of prognosis1,2. Among autonomic manifestations, cardiovascular involvement is of particular clinical importance, with orthostatic hypotension (OH) being a key feature. In patients with neurodegenerative diseases, OH is associated with an increased risk of falls, syncope, and cognitive decline, underscoring the need for accurate and reproducible assessment3,4.
The head&#8209;up tilt test (HUT) is widely used as a standard method for evaluating OH. Based on the temporal profile following postural change, OH is subclassified into initial (immediate) OH, classic OH, and delayed OH. In addition to blood pressure responses, assessment of heart rate changes during HUT allows application of this test to the diagnosis of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) (Table 1)5,6. Unlike neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, which is commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases, POTS typically affects younger individuals and is rarely linked to these disorders. Furthermore, analysis of the relationship between heart rate responses and the magnitude of blood pressure reduction provides clinically useful information for distinguishing neurogenic OH from non&#8209;neurogenic OH5,7.
Other methods for evaluating cardiovascular autonomic function include the active standing test (Schellong test), the Valsalva maneuver, and the deep breathing test. The active standing test is particularly useful for assessing orthostatic blood pressure responses, including initial OH, whereas the Valsalva maneuver and deep breathing test primarily assess autonomic function and are more dependent on the subject&#8217;s active cooperation and testing conditions.
In contrast, HUT provides a passive and standardized orthostatic challenge, allowing strict control of testing conditions and highly reproducible assessment of cardiovascular autonomic responses. Although HUT is conceptually simple&#8212;assessing blood pressure responses during passive transition from the supine to the upright position&#8212;several methodological factors must be carefully considered to ensure reliable and reproducible results. These include environmental influences on autonomic function and appropriate interpretation of continuously fluctuating blood pressure signals. Such considerations are particularly important in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, who are often older and susceptible to comorbid conditions and medication-related effects.
In this video article, we present a standardized, practical HUT protocol for evaluating cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. We provide detailed guidance on test timing, control of the testing environment, pre&#8209;test dietary considerations, and continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. Key procedural parameters, including tilt table angle, tilt&#8209;up speed, and the duration of blood pressure monitoring, are described in detail, along with essential precautions to ensure patient safety during the examination.
The active standing test is widely used to assess orthostatic blood pressure responses and is particularly useful for evaluating initial OH5. When a tilt table is not available, it may also serve as an alternative method for assessing OH8,9,10. Although the standing test lacks a strictly standardized protocol, it is closely related to HUT and is widely used in clinical practice. Therefore, its general procedure and interpretation are briefly demonstrated in the latter part of this video article.
Through these demonstrations, we aim to promote adoption of a standardized, reproducible, and clinically applicable HUT protocol that can be implemented consistently across clinical and research settings. Such standardization is expected to improve comparability between studies and to enhance the assessment of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Continuous blood pressure monitoring device</td><td>Masimo, California, USA</td><td>LiDCOrapid V3 monitor</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrocardiographic system</td><td>Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan</td><td>FDX-4521L</td><td>model discontinued; equivalent ECG monitors may be used</td></tr><tr><td>Manual or motorized tilt table</td><td>Manufacturer unknown</td><td>N/A</td><td>Used for passive head-up tilt testing</td></tr></tbody></table>

a standardized head-up tilt test protocol to assess cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases

A Standardized Head-Up Tilt Test Protocol to Assess Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Autonomic dysfunction is a common, clinically meaningful feature of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson&#8217;s disease and multiple system atrophy. Its evaluation is important for differential diagnosis, disease phenotyping, monitoring of disease severity, and prognostic prediction. Among the various manifestations of autonomic dysfunction, cardiovascular symptoms are especially important, with orthostatic hypotension being a hallmark feature. The head-up tilt test is widely used as a standard method for evaluating orthostatic hypotension. In this video article, we present a standardized protocol for the head-up tilt test designed to assess autonomic dysfunction in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Although the head-up tilt test is conceptually simple&#8212;evaluating blood pressure changes during postural transition from the supine to the upright position&#8212;several methodological considerations are required to ensure reliable and reproducible results. These include the influence of the testing environment on autonomic function and the appropriate assessment of continuously fluctuating blood pressure.
This article provides detailed, practical guidance on the implementation of the head-up tilt test, including optimal test timing, control of the testing environment, pre-test dietary conditions, and blood pressure measurement using continuous noninvasive monitoring devices. In addition, we describe key procedural parameters such as tilt table angle, tilt-up speed, and the duration required for blood pressure assessment, as well as essential precautions to ensure patient safety during the examination.
Through these demonstrations, we aim to promote the adoption of a standardized, reproducible head-up tilt test protocol that can be applied consistently across different clinical and research settings. A well-standardized, highly reproducible, and clinically applicable method for evaluating cardiovascular autonomic failure will improve the comparability of results between studies and enhance the assessment of autonomic dysfunction in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

Representative results 
A flowchart for the classification of orthostatic hemodynamic responses during the HUT is shown in Figure 2. Representative changes in blood pressure and heart rate observed in a healthy subject are shown in Figure 3. Schematic illustrations of blood pressure and heart rate responses in OH and POTS are presented in Figure 4.
Figure 3</stro...

This protocol aims to provide a standardized and reproducible head-up tilt test to evaluate cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, particularly orthostatic hypotension, in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, ensuring reliable assessment under controlled testing conditions and with continuous blood pressure monitoring.

Autonomic dysfunction is a common, clinically meaningful feature of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson&#8217;s disease and multiple system ...

a-standardized-head-up-tilt-test-protocol-to-assess-cardiovascular

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