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In JoVE (1)
Other Publications (37)
- Physical Review Letters
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Articles by Ady Arie in JoVE
JoVE General
Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System
1Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, 4Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University
Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.
Other articles by Ady Arie on PubMed
Multiple Nonlinear Optical Interactions with Arbitrary Wave Vector Differences
We present a novel method for simultaneously phase matching several nonlinear optical interactions within a single crystal. Quasiperiodic modulation of the nonlinear coefficient enables one to achieve high frequency mixing efficiencies for interactions with arbitrary wave vector differences. Doubling of two different frequencies as well as direct frequency tripling is experimentally demonstrated. The temperature- and wavelength-dependent properties of these interactions are explored. We discover that periodic approximation to the quasiperiodic structure shifts the phase-matched wavelengths.
Temperature-dependent Dispersion Equations for KTiOPO4 and KTiOAsO4
We have measured the thermal expansion and the temperature dependence of z and y components of the refractive index for KTiOPO4 and KTiOAsO4, in the wavelength range 532-1585 nm and temperature range 25-200 degrees C, using an interferometric technique. The measurements were used to derive temperature-dependent Sellmeier equations for the two materials. These equations predict with good agreement the temperature dependence of quasi-phase-matched nonlinear frequency converters.
Efficient Frequency Doubling by a Phase-compensated Crystal in a Semimonolithic Cavity
In multiple-pass nonlinear frequency conversion devices, interacting waves may accumulate different phases, owing to dispersive elements in the system. Phase compensation is therefore necessary for efficient frequency conversion. We experimentally demonstrate phase compensation in a compact semimonolithic frequency-doubling cavity by using a periodically poled KTP crystal. The conversion efficiency of the crystal was found to decrease at high pump powers, owing to power-dependent thermal lensing. This experimental observation was supported by a theoretical calculation of the conversion efficiency in a cavity, considering the mismatch between the mode's thermally loaded and unloaded cavities. A design procedure was also presented to compensate for the thermal lensing effect. The highest conversion efficiency of 56.5%, corresponding to a second-harmonic power of 117.5 mW at 532 nm, was achieved with a cw Nd:YAG pump power of 208 mW.
Polarization-mixing Optical Parametric Oscillator
We report the experimental realization of a new type of optical parametric oscillator in which oscillation is achieved by polarization rotation in a linear retarder, followed by nonlinear polarization mixing. The mixing is performed by a type II degenerate parametric downconversion in a periodically poled KTP crystal pumped by a 1064 nm pulsed Nd:YAG pump. A single, linearly polarized beam, precisely at the degenerate wavelength is generated. The output spectrum has a narrow linewidth (below the instrumentation bandwidth of 1 nm) and is highly stable with respect to variations in the crystal temperature.
Photonic Quasicrystals for Nonlinear Optical Frequency Conversion
We present a general method for the design of 2-dimensional nonlinear photonic quasicrystals that can be utilized for the simultaneous phase matching of arbitrary optical frequency-conversion processes. The proposed scheme--based on the generalized dual-grid method that is used for constructing tiling models of quasicrystals--gives complete design flexibility, removing any constraints imposed by previous approaches. As an example we demonstrate the design of a color fan--a nonlinear photonic quasicrystal whose input is a single wave at frequency omega and whose output consists of the second, third, and fourth harmonics of omega, each in a different spatial direction.
Duty Cycle Dependence of a Periodically Poled LiNbO3-based Electro-optic Solc Filter
We demonstrate that the performance of a periodically poled LiNbO3- (PPLN-) based electro-optic Solc filter is dependent on the duty cycle of the crystal. This may limit the performance of the device for applications such as add-drop filtering and switching, owing to the deterioration of the extinction ratio. It is shown that by adding a retarder to the Solc filter it is possible to improve the extinction ratio; thus the dependence of the filter on the duty cycle can be reduced. Using Jones calculus, we analyzed the effect of a variable retarder that can also be rotated on the extinction ratio. We experimentally observed a 6 dB increase in the extinction ratio when we used a half-wavelength retarder.
Annular Symmetry Nonlinear Frequency Converters
We present a new type of two-dimensional nonlinear structure for quasi-phase matching. This structure has continuous rotational symmetry, and in contrary to the commonly used periodic structures, is not lattice shaped and has no translation symmetry. It is shown that this annular symmetry structure possesses interesting phase matching attributes that are significantly different than those of periodic structures. In particular, it enables simultaneous phase-matched frequency doubling of the same pump into several different directions. Moreover, it has extremely wide phase-mismatch tolerance, since a change in the phase matching conditions does not change the second harmonic power, but only changes its propagation direction. Several structures were fabricated using either the indirect e-beam method in LiNbO(3) or the electric field poling method in stoichiometric LiTaO(3), and their conversion efficiencies, as well as angular and thermal dependencies, were characterized by second harmonic generation.
Generation of Optical Vortex Beams by Nonlinear Wave Mixing
It is shown that optical vortex beams can be generated from a non-vortex fundamental beam by an optical frequency conversion process taking place within a twisted nonlinear photonic crystal. This is done without any first-order (linear) refractive optics. Through such a proposed structure, all-optical switching of vortices with different helicities is made possible, as well as the simultaneous application of counter-rotating vortex beams of different frequencies.
Noncollinear Double Quasi Phase Matching in One-dimensional Poled Crystals
We demonstrate simultaneous phase matching of two different nonlinear processes, using a noncollinear interaction in periodically poled crystal with single grating. The noncollinear scheme provides phase-matching solutions over continuous regions of the optical spectrum and can be used for multiple-harmonic generation as well as all-optical effects. We have demonstrated experimentally third-harmonic generation of a 3 microm pump wavelength in a noncollinear configuration using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal. We observed, in good agreement with theoretical calculation, very broad spectral and thermal acceptance bandwidths, as well as a relatively narrow angular bandwidth.
Unveiling Quasiperiodicity Through Nonlinear Wave Mixing in Periodic Media
Quasiperiodicity is the concept of order without translation symmetry. The discovery of quasiperiodic order in natural materials transformed the way scientists examine and define ordered structure. We show and verify experimentally that quasiperiodicity can be observed by scattering processes from a periodic structure, provided the interaction area is of finite width. This is made through a momentum conservation condition, physically realizing a geometrical method used to model quasiperiodic structures by projecting a periodic structure of a higher dimension.
Spatiotemporal Toroidal Waves from the Transverse Second-harmonic Generation
We study the second-harmonic generation via transversely matched interaction of two counterpropagating ultrashort pulses in chi(2) photonic structures. We show that the emitted second-harmonic wave attains the form of spatially expanding toroid with the initial thickness given by the cross correlation of the pulses. We demonstrate the formation of such toroidal waves in crystals with random ferroelectric domains as well as in annularly poled nonlinear photonic structures.
Generation of Second-harmonic Conical Waves Via Nonlinear Bragg Diffraction
We report on the observation of second-harmonic conical waves generated in a novel geometry of the transverse excitation of an annular periodically poled nonlinear photonic structure by a fundamental Gaussian beam. We show that the conical beams are formed as a result of the higher-order nonlinear Bragg diffraction involving two parametric processes in which an ordinary fundamental wave is converted simultaneously into ordinary and extraordinary polarized second harmonics.
Mode Conversion in Quadratic Nonlinear Crystals
We propose a novel all-optical, nonlinear mode-conversion scheme based on cascaded three-wave-mixing phase-matched interactions in quadratic nonlinear crystals. We demonstrate the method experimentally by performing all-optical mode conversion of an input 1636 nm Hermite-Gaussian mode from the zeroth order to the first order using two periodically poled LiNbO(3) crystals. Nonlinear mode conversion of an input beam into a higher order, orthogonally polarized output beam can be realized using only one quasiperiodic nonlinear structure. Moreover, it can be enhanced for conversion of complex modes, e.g., Laguerre-Gaussian or Bessel modes.
Output Power and Spectrum of Optical Parametric Generator in the Superfluorescent Regime
Explicit expressions for the irradiance and signal spectrum of an optical parametric generator were derived. The calculation is in quantitative agreement with measurements of parametric generators with three different lengths of crystals operating in the superfluorescent regime. The measured spectrum was predicted for the entire measured range up to a gain-length product of 16, and the measured signal power was accurately derived up to a gain-length product of 10.
Nonlinear Photonic Structures for All-optical Deflection
We present a new type of photonic structures in quadratic nonlinear materials that enable efficient and continuous all-optical deflection. The structures are based on two-dimensional modulation of the nonlinear coefficient and consist of a set of symmetric or anti-symmetric arcs that form a periodic pattern in the propagation direction and a chirped pattern in the transverse direction. Stoichiometric lithium tantalite structures were tested by second harmonic generation. Varying the pump wavelength from 1545 nm to 1536 nm resulted in continuous angular deflection of the second harmonic wave up to approximately 2.3 degrees . Continuous deflection was also obtained by varying the crystal temperature at a fixed pump wavelength.
Engineering Two-dimensional Nonlinear Photonic Quasi-crystals
A known algorithm for modeling quasi-periodic lattices is used to generate two-dimensional quadratic nonlinear photonic quasi-crystals containing a set of desired discrete spectral components. This allows us to fabricate optical devices in which an arbitrary set of nonlinear optical processes can be efficient. We demonstrate this capability by fabricating two devices: a multidirectional single-frequency doubler and a multidirectional, multifrequency doubler that is capable of nearly collinear doubling of cw radiation in the optical communication C band (1530-1570 nm) through angle tuning.
Detection of Fluorescent-labeled Probes at Subpicomolar Concentrations by Magnetic Modulation
A sensitive and rapid method for detecting fluorescent dyes at low concentrations in homogenous solution is experimentally demonstrated. Fluorescent-labeled DNA probes are detected by attaching magnetic beads and applying alternating magnetic field gradient. This condenses the fluorescent probes into a small detection volume and eliminates the scattering noise from solution by synchronous detection. For DNA probes concentration of 1 x 10(-13) M the detection signal was 3.3 times higher than the noise, thereby implying detection sensitivity of 3 x 10(-14) M.
Robust Adiabatic Sum Frequency Conversion
We discuss theoretically and demonstrate experimentally the robustness of the adiabatic sum frequency conversion method. This technique, borrowed from an analogous scheme of robust population transfer in atomic physics and nuclear magnetic resonance, enables the achievement of nearly full frequency conversion in a sum frequency generation process for a bandwidth up to two orders of magnitude wider than in conventional conversion schemes. We show that this scheme is robust to variations in the parameters of both the nonlinear crystal and of the incoming light. These include the crystal temperature, the frequency of the incoming field, the pump intensity, the crystal length and the angle of incidence. Also, we show that this extremely broad bandwidth can be tuned to higher or lower central wavelengths by changing either the pump frequency or the crystal temperature. The detailed study of the properties of this converter is done using the Landau-Zener theory dealing with the adiabatic transitions in two level systems.
Rapid Homogenous Detection of the Ibaraki Virus NS3 CDNA at Picomolar Concentrations by Magnetic Modulation
Magnetic modulation biosensing (MMB) system is experimentally demonstrated for rapid and homogeneous detection of the Ibaraki virus NS3 cDNA. A novel fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based probe discriminates the target DNA from the control. When detection is made, the FRET-based probe is cleaved using Taq-polymerase activity and fluorescent light is produced. The biotinylated probes are attached to streptavidin-coupled superparamagnetic beads and are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out the orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. 1.9pM of the Ibaraki virus NS3 cDNA was detected in homogeneous solution within 18min without separation or washing steps.
Multiorder Nonlinear Diffraction in Frequency Doubling Processes
We analyze experimentally light scattering from chi(2) nonlinear gratings and observe two types of second-harmonic frequency-scattering processes. The first process is identified as Raman-Nath type nonlinear diffraction that is explained by applying only transverse phase-matching conditions. The angular position of this type of diffraction is defined by the ratio of the second-harmonic wavelength and the grating period. In contrast, the second type of nonlinear scattering process is explained by the longitudinal phase matching only, being insensitive to the nonlinear grating period.
Quasi-phase-matched Concurrent Nonlinearities in Periodically Poled KTiOPO(4) for Quantum Computing over the Optical Frequency Comb
We report the successful design and experimental implementation of three coincident nonlinear interactions, namely ZZZ (type 0), ZYY (type I), and YYZ/YZY (type II) second-harmonic generation of 780 nm light from a 1560 nm pump beam in a single, multigrating, periodically poled KTiOPO(4) crystal. The resulting nonlinear medium is the key component for making a scalable quantum computer over the optical frequency comb of a single optical parametric oscillator.
Magnetic Modulation Biosensing for Rapid and Homogeneous Detection of Biological Targets at Low Concentrations
This paper reviews the development of a magnetic modulation biosensing (MMB) system for rapid, simple and sensitive detection of biological targets in homogeneous solution at low concentrations. It relies on condensation and modulation of the fluorescent-labeled probes attached to magnetic beads using an alternating magnetic field gradient. Condensation of the beads from the entire volume increases the signal while modulation separates the signal from the background noise of the non-magnetized solution. We first discuss the motivation and challenges in specific DNA sequences detection as well as current approaches to overcome some of these challenges. We then present the MMB system, DNA detection schemes and magnetic beads manipulation in solution. Rapid detection at sub-picomolar concentrations of fluorescent-labeled probes as well as of coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) without any washing or separation step is also reviewed. Finally, we show preliminary results of protein detection using a 'sandwich'-based assay.
Nonlinear Diffraction from a Virtual Beam
We observe experimentally a novel type of nonlinear diffraction in the process of two-wave mixing on a nonlinear quadratic grating. We demonstrate that when the nonlinear grating is illuminated simultaneously by two noncollinear beams, a second-harmonic diffraction pattern is generated by a virtual beam propagating along the bisector of the two pump beams. The observed diffraction phenomena is a purely nonlinear effect that has no analogue in linear diffraction.
Cerenkov-type Second-harmonic Generation with Fundamental Beams of Different Polarizations
We analyze the conical second-harmonic generation via Cerenkov-type phase matching in two-dimensional decagonal nonlinear photonic quasi-crystals for linear, circular, and elliptical polarized fundamental beams. Depending on the polarization state, we observe either centrosymmetric or noncentrosymmetric intensity modulation of the second-harmonic rings. We explain this effect by employing the concept of effective quadratic nonlinearity combined with the hexagonal symmetry of the individual ferroelectric domains.
Simultaneous Parametric Oscillation and Signal-to-idler Conversion for Efficient Downconversion
We experimentally demonstrate an optical parametric oscillator, whose signal pumps another difference-frequency generation process. Engineered idler frequency coincidence of both processes in a single quasiperiodic crystal improves pump-to-idler slope efficiency by 52.8%, from 15.25% to 23.3%, and pump-to-idler conversion efficiency (at an average pump power of 1.2 W) by 16.6%, from 12.5% to 14.58%.
Switching the Acceleration Direction of Airy Beams by a Nonlinear Optical Process
We present experimental control of the acceleration direction of Airy beams generated by nonlinear three-wave mixing processes in an asymmetrically poled nonlinear photonic crystal. Changing the crystal temperature enabled us to switch the phase matching condition between second-harmonic generation and difference-frequency generation in the same nonlinear crystal and thereby to change the acceleration direction and the wavelength of the output Airy beam. All-optical control of the acceleration direction can be also realized at a fixed crystal temperature by using a tunable pump source and selecting the proper crystal poling period.
Tunable Upconverted Optical Parametric Oscillator with Intracavity Adiabatic Sum-frequency Generation
We experimentally demonstrate efficient tunable upconversion by cascading optical oscillation and wideband adiabatic sum-frequency generation in a single KTiOPO(4) crystal, yielding red light tunable over a 6.2 nm wavelength band. The conversion efficiency of the 1064 nm pump to the red output was up to 4.7%, and with the highest pump power of 1.5 W we obtained 71 mW of average power at 637 nm.
Improving the Efficiency of an Optical Parametric Oscillator by Tailoring the Pump Pulse Shape
The conversion efficiency of an optical parametric oscillator is reduced by energy consumption during build-up of signal and idler intensities and due to back-conversion effects. By tailoring the pump pulse temporal shape, we are able to improve the conversion efficiency by minimizing build-up time and back-conversion. Simulations predict a significant improvement in 1064 nm to 4000 nm idler conversion by using a double-rectangular temporal shape rather than using a simple Gaussian pulse. Experimental results qualitatively verify the effect resulting in a 20% improvement of a rectangular pulse over a Gaussian pulse.
Omnidirectional Phase Matching of Arbitrary Processes by Radial Quasi-periodic Nonlinear Photonic Crystal
We investigate second-harmonic generation in a nonlinear photonic crystal having radial quasi-periodic order and continuous rotational symmetry. This device enables us to simultaneously phase match different nonlinear interactions in any arbitrary direction of propagation. We have fabricated such a crystal by electric field poling of a magnesium-doped stoichiometric LiTaO(3) and demonstrated frequency doubling of two different pump wavelengths at three different angles. Fourier coefficients were 10 times higher than that of a lattice-based multidirectional frequency doubler.
Three-dimensional Ferroelectric Domain Visualization by Cerenkov-type Second Harmonic Generation
We show that focusing a laser light onto the boundary between antiparallel ferroelectric domains leads to the non-collinear generation of two second harmonic (SH) beams. The beams are emitted in a plane normal to the domain boundaries at the angles that satisfy the Cerenkov-type phase matching condition. Moreover, these beam disappear when the laser light is focused on a homogenous part of a single domain. We utilize this effect for 3-dimensional visualization of fine details of the ferroelectric domain pattern with a submicron accuracy.
Multiple Čerenkov Second-harmonic Waves in a Two-dimensional Nonlinear Photonic Structure
We report simultaneous generation of multiple conical second-harmonic waves in a two-dimensional nonlinear photonic structure when illuminated by two overlapping noncollinear fundamental beams. We show that this phenomenon is caused by the nonlinear Čerenkov radiation emitted due to the interaction of photons from each constituent fundamental beam as well as the virtual one propagating along the bisector of the two beams. In addition, by studying the asymmetric geometry of the interaction, we uniquely verify the effects of reciprocal vectors on the Čerenkov-type second-harmonic generation in nonlinear photonic structures.
Multiple Coupling of Surface Plasmons in Quasiperiodic Gratings
Whereas periodic gratings enable us to couple light into a surface plasmon polariton only at a specific angle and wavelength, we show here that quasiperiodic gratings enable the coupling of light at multiple wavelengths and angles. The quasiperiodic grating can be designed in a systematic manner using the dual-grid method, thereby enabling us to control the coupling strength and grating dimensions. We verified the method experimentally by efficiently coupling light into a surface plasmon from several different illumination angles using a single quasiperiodic grating.
Phase-matched Nonlinear Diffraction
We report on a new (to our knowledge) configuration incorporating both birefringence and quasi-phase-matching, enabling efficient phase-matched nonlinear diffraction in one-dimensional periodically poled nonlinear crystals. We demonstrate the method experimentally, showing an efficient nonlinear diffraction to the first few orders in two types of crystals, MgO doped congruent lithium niobate and congruent lithium niobate, and characterize its efficiency dependence on the fundamental power, the propagation angle, and the crystal temperature. This configuration can increase efficiencies observed in nonlinear diffraction experiments, enables ferroelectric domain characterization by nonlinear microscopy, and can be used to determine the duty cycles of periodically poled nonlinear crystals.
Nonlinear Computer-generated Holograms
We propose a novel technique for arbitrary wavefront shaping in quadratic nonlinear crystals by introducing the concept of computer-generated holograms (CGHs) into the nonlinear optical regime. We demonstrate the method experimentally showing a conversion of a fundamental Gaussian beam pump light into the first three Hermite-Gaussian beams at the second harmonic in a stoichiometric lithium tantalate nonlinear crystal, and we characterize its efficiency dependence on the fundamental power and the crystal temperature. Nonlinear CGHs open new possibilities in the fields of nonlinear beam shaping, mode conversion, and beam steering.
Third-harmonic Generation Via Nonlinear Raman-Nath Diffraction in Nonlinear Photonic Crystal
We report on the observation of multiple third-harmonic conical waves generated in an annular periodically poled nonlinear photonic crystal. We show that the conical beams are formed as a result of the cascading effect involving two parametric processes that satisfy either the transverse and/or longitudinal phase-patching conditions. This is the first experimental observation of third-harmonic generation based on nonlinear Raman-Nath diffraction.
Controlling the Disorder Properties of Quadratic Nonlinear Photonic Crystals
We experimentally demonstrate a modulation scheme for disordered nonlinear crystals that combines periodic modulation and disordered sections. The crystal is divided into a set of identical periodically poled building blocks, whereby each block is followed by a short section of random length. We use this scheme to achieve broadband second harmonic generation in KTiOPO4 nonlinear crystals while independently controlling the bandwidth and the center of the converted wavelengths as well as the efficiency of conversion. The trade-off between bandwidth and efficiency is improved in comparison with periodically poled crystals.
Airy Beam Laser
A method to design lasers that emit an arbitrary beam profile is studied. In these lasers, output-coupling is performed by a diffraction grating that imposes a phase and amplitude distribution onto the diffracted light. A solid-state laser emitting beams with a two-dimensional Airy intensity profile is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally. In this case, the diffraction grating adds a transverse cubic phase to the diffracted light. An Airy beam is obtained by performing optical Fourier transform of the out-coupled light. The laser beam profile and power characteristics are shown to agree with theory.
