Cell Signaling Regulation
Cell Signaling Regulation - Related Videos
16:24
Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells
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Cited by 9 •
2014
Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.
10:36
Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer
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Cited by 5 •
2016
Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.
11:00
Photostimulation by Femtosecond Laser Activates Extracellular-signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling or Mitochondrial Events in Target Cells
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2019
Tightly-focused femtosecond laser can deliver precise stimulation to cells by being coupled into a confocal microscopy enabling the real-time observation and photostimulation. The photostimulation can activate cell molecular events including ERK signaling pathway and mitochondrial flashes of reactive oxygen species.
01:28
pH Regulation in Cells
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2023
pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge on cellular membranes, and is crucial for metabolic reactions inside the cell. Moreover, cells use the energy from the proton motive force to generate ATP. Cytosolic pH Under physiological conditions, the cytosolic pH is slightly more acidic than the extracellular pH. However, cells must prevent further acidification of their cytosol to...
01:21
Cell-surface Signaling
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2019
Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects. Variety of Receptor Families
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Specific receptors determine which cells can respond to a given signal, while downstream pathway components determine how that information is processed. After receptor binding, intracellular relays can involve second messengers, protein kinases, and phosphatases. This layered arrangement links an external cue to changes in cell behavior or gene expression, helping different cells produce appropriately regulated responses.
Protein kinases and phosphatases provide complementary forms of control within signaling pathways. Their coordinated activity influences whether a signal is strengthened, limited, or brought to an end. This balance helps cells remain responsive to incoming information while preventing signaling activity from continuing without regulation, supporting stable cellular behavior under changing conditions.
Feedback mechanisms adjust signaling after a pathway has been activated. Positive effects can strengthen a response, whereas limiting or terminating effects prevent the signal from remaining active indefinitely. By controlling response intensity and duration, feedback allows cells to adapt to changing conditions and contributes to tissue homeostasis rather than producing unrestrained activity.
Second messengers help carry information from receptor activation through the cell’s internal signaling machinery. They connect an external signal with downstream actions involving protein kinases, phosphatases, and gene expression. Their participation allows receptor-bound information to be processed inside the cell, ultimately influencing coordinated changes in cell activity, adaptation, or survival.
Regulated signaling enables cells to coordinate processes such as growth, metabolism, movement, and survival while conditions change. Feedback mechanisms help adjust or stop responses when appropriate, preventing isolated cellular activities from becoming disconnected from tissue needs. This coordination supports tissue homeostasis, the maintenance of relatively stable conditions across living tissues.
Disrupted signaling regulation can interfere with normal cellular coordination and is associated with conditions including cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Studying the affected pathways helps connect molecular changes with altered cell behavior and disease processes. Because regulated pathways can serve as therapeutic intervention targets, this research also supports efforts to develop treatments.