Endocardial To Mesenchymal Transformation
Endocardial To Mesenchymal Transformation - Related Videos
09:17
High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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Cited by 20 •
2011
This report provides a detailed description of the methodology and results of simultaneous endocardial and epicardial optical mapping of electrical excitation in the intact left atrium of a Langendorff-perfused sheep heart during stretch-induced atrial fibrillation.
04:33
Bacterial Transformation - Concepts
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2019
Background In early 20th century, pneumonia was accountable for a large portion of infectious disease deaths1. In order to develop an effective vaccine against pneumonia, Frederick Griffith set out to study two different strains of the Streptococcus pneumoniae: a non-virulent strain with a rough appearance (R-strain) and a virulent strain with a smooth appearance (S-strain) due to an outer polysaccharide capsule2. This outer layer of the S-strain bacteria enabled them to withstand the host...
05:21
Bacterial Transformation - Student Protocol
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2019
Bacterial Transformation ExpandIMPORTANT: In addition to wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment, be sure to take care to keep your face away from suspension cultures, and to avoid inhaling reagents. Do not touch your face while performing the experiment. Always wash your hands before and after every experiment. When you are ready to safely begin, check to make sure you have a tube or tubes of competent E. coli cells in your ice bucket. Then, transfer 50 µL from one of these tubes...
07:23
Electroporation of Craniofacial Mesenchyme
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2011
Craniofacial cartilages develop in close contact with other tissues and are difficult to manipulate in live animals. We are using electroporation to deliver molecular tools during growth of the craniofacial skeleton while bypassing early embryonic effects. This approach will allow us to efficiently test candidate molecules in vivo.
10:37
Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
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Cited by 16 •
2013
A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.
FAQs
Notch and transforming growth factor beta signaling help initiate coordinated changes rather than acting as isolated switches. Their activity reduces endocardial cell-cell adhesion and supports cytoskeletal reorganization, allowing cells to detach and acquire migratory behavior. This coordination is important because successful cardiac cushion formation requires both release from the original cell layer and directed movement into the developing heart.
Two changes are especially important: weakened cell-cell adhesion and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Reduced adhesion allows individual endocardial cells to separate from neighboring cells, while cytoskeletal remodeling supports the shape and movement needed for migration. Together, these changes convert a relatively organized cellular layer into a population capable of entering and populating the cardiac cushions.
Migration into the cardiac cushions places transformed cells where they can contribute to later heart structures. The resulting mesenchymal population supports formation of heart valves and septa, so defects in detachment, movement, or cushion population could disrupt cardiac shaping. The process therefore connects an early cellular behavior with the anatomical organization required for normal embryonic heart development.
The process provides a cellular framework for examining how abnormal signaling, adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, or migration might alter heart formation. Because the transformed cells contribute to valves and septa, investigating these steps can link molecular regulation with structural abnormalities. This makes the transformation useful for disease-mechanism studies focused on developmental origins of congenital cardiac defects.
Models of cardiovascular development can be used to examine how endocardial cells respond to regulatory signals as they detach, migrate, and populate cardiac cushions. Observing these linked outcomes helps connect pathway activity with cell behavior and eventual tissue formation. Such models provide context for understanding how normal heart development proceeds and where developmental regulation may fail.
The transformation offers biological guidance for strategies that aim to model or recreate cardiovascular development. Its regulation links signaling pathways with adhesion, cytoskeletal behavior, migration, and formation of valve- and septum-related tissues. Incorporating these developmental principles may help tissue-engineering research pursue more developmentally informed approaches to constructing or studying cardiac structures.