Indirect Excitation
Indirect Excitation - Related Videos
14:22
ELISA Assays: Indirect, Sandwich, and Competitive
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2023
Source: Whitney Swanson1,2, Frances V. Sjaastad2,3, and Thomas S. Griffith1,2,3,4 1 Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 2 Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 3 Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 4 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is frequently used to measure the presence...
01:30
Indirect Costs
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2026
Indirect costs are costs that cannot be directly traced to a single product, service, or cost object. Instead, they support multiple products or activities simultaneously and must be allocated using a systematic and reasonable method. Cost allocation is the process of distributing these shared costs among cost objects so that each product bears a fair share of the total overhead. Accurate allocation of indirect costs is essential for determining product costs, setting prices, evaluating...
04:56
In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing
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Cited by 3 •
2018
Axonal excitability techniques provide a powerful tool to examine pathophysiology and biophysical changes that precede irreversible degenerative events. This manuscript demonstrates the use of these techniques on the ulnar nerve of anesthetized rats.
08:23
Comet Assay as an Indirect Measure of Systemic Oxidative Stress
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Cited by 23 •
2015
Comet assay measures DNA breaks, induced by different factors. If all factors (except oxidative stress) causing DNA damage are kept constant, the amount of DNA damage is a good indirect parameter of oxidative stress. The goal of this protocol is to use comet assay for indirect measurement of oxidative stress.
09:47
Dissection of Drosophila melanogaster Indirect Flight Muscles for Microscopy Approaches
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2025
Drosophila is a powerful model to understand fundamental mechanisms of myogenesis. This protocol for the dissection and preparation of thorax hemi-sections enables microscopy analysis of indirect flight muscle from both pupal and adult stages. This protocol enables confocal imaging of cellular morphology, protein localization, muscle structure, and multiple other aspects of myogenesis.
FAQs
The stimulus first depolarizes axons within the motor nerve. This electrical change then promotes neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, the communication site between nerve and muscle. Neurotransmitter action produces action potentials in muscle fibers, and those signals initiate contraction. The sequence allows investigators to examine transmission across more than one cellular stage.
The neuromuscular junction links electrical activity in a motor nerve to electrical activity in muscle fibers. Neurotransmitter release at this junction is therefore an essential intermediate step, rather than a minor detail. If communication at this site is impaired, nerve stimulation may fail to produce the expected muscle response, helping localize a problem in neuromuscular signaling.
Because the stimulus is applied to the motor nerve while the muscle responds downstream, the resulting contraction reflects both neural activation and neuromuscular transmission. Comparing this response with findings from muscle-focused stimulation can help separate impaired nerve excitability from defects in the muscle or in communication between them. This distinction is valuable in neurophysiological investigation.
A typical investigation applies stimulation to a motor nerve and records or observes the resulting muscle response. The response is interpreted as a chain involving axonal depolarization, neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, muscle-fiber action potentials, and contraction. Focusing on each stage helps determine whether signal transmission proceeds normally from nerve to muscle.
The response can reveal whether activity travels effectively from a motor nerve through the neuromuscular junction to muscle fibers. A missing or altered contraction may indicate a problem in neural excitability, neurotransmitter-mediated communication, or the muscle response itself. Consequently, the approach provides functional information about how successfully signals cross cellular boundaries.
It is useful when researchers need to study communication within neuromuscular systems, synaptic function, or reflex pathways. The method also supports investigation of disorders that disrupt signaling between neurons and muscles. By connecting nerve stimulation with a measurable muscle response, it provides a way to examine the functional consequences of impaired cellular communication.