Lps Assembly
Lps Assembly - Related Videos
08:51
Intraductal Injection of LPS as a Mouse Model of Mastitis: Signaling Visualized via an NF-κB Reporter Transgenic
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Cited by 14 •
2012
Described here is a technique in which lipopolysaccharide is injected into the lactating mouse mammary gland via the nipple to simulate mastitis, a condition commonly caused by bacterial infection. Lipopolysaccharide injection results in increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, visualized through bioluminescent imaging of an NF-κB luciferase reporter mouse.
11:36
Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell
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Cited by 21 •
2009
The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) sample cell holds sample and reference buffer and during experiments and is exposed to high vacuum and rotor speeds up to 60,000 rpm. This video will demonstrate the rigorous attention to detail necessary for assembly, loading and alignment of this very important component of an AUC experiment.
02:41
Protein Complex Assembly
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2020
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types. Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes. Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
13:05
Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
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Cited by 12 •
2016
This manuscript presents an injection molding method to engineer microvessels that recapitulate physiological properties of endothelium. The microfluidic-based process creates patent 3D vascular networks with tailorable conditions, such as flow, cellular composition, geometry, and biochemical gradients. The fabrication process and examples of potential applications are described.
02:50
Spindle Assembly
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2023
Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus. In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...
FAQs
WaaL ligase provides the joining step that connects the separately produced O-antigen polysaccharide to the core oligosaccharide. This creates a linked LPS molecule rather than leaving the surface polysaccharide and inner membrane components as independent products. Because it acts at the assembly interface, its role helps explain how distinct biosynthetic branches become one envelope component.
The Lpt transport system moves completed LPS across the cell envelope and delivers it to the outer-membrane surface. This transport step follows the joining of the O-antigen to the core, so synthesis and export represent separate stages rather than a single event. Tracking them independently helps investigators distinguish defects in molecular construction from defects in envelope delivery.
Lipid A and the core oligosaccharide are synthesized on the inner membrane, whereas the O-antigen is produced separately before ligation to the core. This division means that LPS assembly depends on coordination between chemically distinct products and locations. It also gives researchers a way to examine core-lipid construction, O-antigen production, and their joining as related but separable parts of envelope biogenesis.
A pathway-focused analysis can be organized around four checkpoints: construction of lipid A and the core oligosaccharide on the inner membrane, separate synthesis of the O-antigen polysaccharide, ligation by WaaL, and Lpt-mediated delivery to the outer membrane. This order provides a practical framework for relating each stage to the final envelope-localized LPS.
Studying LPS assembly can support antimicrobial research by identifying vulnerable steps in envelope biogenesis. The pathway includes construction, ligation, and transport, allowing research to consider whether a target affects molecular building, WaaL-mediated joining, or Lpt-dependent delivery. These distinctions are relevant because the pathway contributes to membrane stability and links mechanistic studies with bacterial envelope integrity.
LPS assembly is relevant to host-interaction studies because the completed molecule reaches the outer-membrane surface, where LPS forms part of the bacterial boundary. Examining how lipid A, the core, and the O-antigen are assembled and exported can connect envelope biogenesis with questions about barrier function and host immune recognition, while preserving the distinction between construction and surface delivery.