Tzm-bl Cells

Here, we describe some established methods to determine endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation, with particular emphasis on HIV-1 infection. This article also describes a set of protocols to investigate the effect of ER stress/UPR on HIV-1 replication and virion infectivity.

Source: Tripathi, A., et al. Measuring Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in HIV-1 Infected T-Cells and Analyzing its Role in HIV-1 Replication. J. Vis. Exp. (2024)This video demonstrates the assessment of viral infectivity using reporter epithelial cells engineered with a β-galactosidase gene under a viral protein-sensitive promoter. Following infection with different viral dilutions, the infected host cells express β-galactosidase, which is detected using a chromogenic...

This video demonstrates the isolation of multiple types of cells from mouse brain tissue. Tissue is first mechanically sheared using a tissue grinder in a salt solution to maintain an osmotic balance. The tissue homogenate is then subjected to density gradient centrifugation to remove cellular debris. Cells are then resuspended in a solution for further analysis.

Tail-skin transplantation is a powerful model for studying T cell-dependent rejection and tolerance induction during allogeneic immune responses in mice. The advantages of this protocol are minor invasive surgery, and ease of monitoring with no need to sacrifice the recipient mouse.

Methods for purifying the cholesterol binding toxin streptolysin O from recombinant E. coli and visualization of toxin binding to live eukaryotic cells are described. Localized delivery of toxin induces rapid and complex changes in targeted cells revealing novel aspects of toxin biology.