Akt Pathway
Akt Pathway - Related Videos
01:22
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway
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2023
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast, mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
07:15
Mechanism of Kemeng Fang's Inhibition of Podocyte Apoptosis in Rats with Membranous Nephropathy through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway
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Cited by 3 •
2024
The present protocol describes the establishment of a membranous nephropathy (MN) animal model, and how Kemeng Fang's inhibition reduces MN rat podocyte apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
01:27
C4 Pathway and CAM
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2019
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy. C4 Pathway The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
01:24
Other Glycolytic Pathways
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2025
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
01:26
Respiration Pathways
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2025
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
FAQs
Activation proceeds through a defined phosphorylation sequence. Receptor tyrosine kinases stimulate PI3K, which generates PIP3 at the plasma membrane. PIP3 recruits Akt to that membrane, where PDK1 and mTORC2 phosphorylate it. This activation step connects an extracellular growth signal to intracellular regulators of cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and metabolism.
PTEN helps constrain signaling associated with the Akt pathway by opposing the accumulation of the membrane signal generated downstream of PI3K. When genetic changes affect PTEN, signaling can remain active rather than being appropriately limited. In cancer research, this persistent activity is important because it can support tumor development and contribute to resistance against treatment.
Persistent signaling repeatedly directs downstream proteins toward cell-cycle progression, reduced apoptosis, and altered metabolism. Instead of responding only to changing cellular cues, affected cells may continue receiving signals that favor survival and growth. This helps explain why genetic alterations involving PI3K, Akt, or PTEN are studied as contributors to tumor development and treatment resistance.
Researchers examine pathway-associated genetic changes, including alterations involving PI3K, Akt, and PTEN, and relate them to cancer biology. They also study how signaling affects survival, growth, metabolism, and proliferation. These investigations can reveal biomarkers that help characterize tumors and clarify which pathway features may be relevant when developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
Investigation can identify biomarkers linked to changes in PI3K, Akt, or PTEN and to the resulting signaling behavior. Such markers may help researchers characterize pathway involvement in a tumor, connect molecular changes with cancer biology, and evaluate features associated with treatment resistance. Their value comes from linking molecular information with biologically meaningful outcomes.
Because the pathway influences several processes that tumors depend on, including survival, growth, proliferation, and metabolism, it offers multiple points for therapeutic investigation. Genetic changes can also keep signaling active and support treatment resistance. Studying these mechanisms helps researchers identify targets and understand why pathway-related alterations may affect responses to cancer treatment.