Evaporation Technique
Evaporation Technique - Related Videos
06:43
Rotary Evaporation to Remove Solvent
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2023
Source: Dr. Melanie Pribisko Yen and Grace Tang — California Institute of Technology Rotary evaporation is a technique most commonly used in organic chemistry to remove a solvent from a higher-boiling point compound of interest. The rotary evaporator, or "rotovap", was invented in 1950 by the chemist Lyman C. Craig. The primary use of a rotovap is to dry and purify samples for downstream applications. Its speed and ability to handle large volumes of solvent make rotary evaporation a preferred...
06:39
A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection
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Cited by 1 •
2016
This paper presents an impedance-based apparatus for evaporation rate detection of solutions. It offers clear advantages over a conventional weight loss approach: a fast response, high-sensitivity detection, a small sample requirement, multiple sample measurements, and easy disassembly for cleaning and reuse purposes.
08:58
Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation
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Cited by 1 •
2015
A protocol for seedless and high yield growth of bismuth nanowire arrays through vacuum thermal evaporation technique is presented.
10:28
Sensitivity Enhancement of Soft Capacitive Pressure Sensors Using a Solvent Evaporation-Based Porosity Control Technique
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Cited by 1 •
2023
A simple and cost-efficient fabrication method based on the solvent evaporation technique is presented to optimize the performance of a soft capacitive pressure sensor, which is enabled by porosity control in the dielectric layer using different mass ratios of the molding PDMS/toluene solution.
14:01
Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition
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Cited by 30 •
2015
Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.
FAQs
The key driving force is the difference in volatility between the solvent and dissolved material. Heating increases solvent molecular energy, while pressure reduction changes conditions so vapor formation occurs more readily. Because the dissolved substance is less volatile, it remains as the liquid becomes more concentrated or as solvent removal leaves residue. This principle explains why selective solvent removal is possible.
Temperature, surface area, airflow, and pressure act as controllable variables in the process. Their adjustment regulates how rapidly solvent is removed and how strongly the material is exposed to evaporation conditions. Careful control is important when a sample contains heat-sensitive material, because the technique must remove solvent while protecting the desired substance from excessive thermal stress.
Heat and reduced pressure provide two ways to promote vapor formation. Heating supplies energy directly to solvent molecules, whereas lowering pressure changes the conditions needed for molecules to enter the vapor phase. Controlling either factor, together with temperature and other operating variables, helps tailor solvent removal to concentration, residue recovery, or sample-drying needs.
During laboratory use, the solution is subjected to heat or reduced pressure while the evaporation conditions are controlled. Solvent removal can be adjusted until the material reaches a desired concentration or leaves a recoverable residue. The resulting concentrate or residue may then be directed to further analysis or purification, making the technique a practical sample-preparation step.
The outcome depends on how far solvent removal proceeds. Partial removal produces a more concentrated solution, whereas continued removal can leave dissolved solids such as salts as a residue. In laboratory work, the same control over solvent loss can support drying before subsequent analysis, helping prepare a sample in a form suited to the next operation.
Beyond routine solution handling, evaporation technique supports laboratory drying, concentration, and recovery of dissolved solids. In industrial settings, efficient solvent removal contributes to material production and waste reduction. These applications connect a physical separation step with broader chemistry workflows, where controlling solvent loss affects how materials are prepared and advanced to later processing.