Ph 4.5
Ph 4.5 - Related Videos
09:31
Orthotopic Implantation and Peripheral Immune Cell Monitoring in the II-45 Syngeneic Rat Mesothelioma Model
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Cited by 2 •
2015
The generation of an orthotopic rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma by implantation of II-45 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immune competent rats is presented. A flow cytometric method to analyze seven immune cell subsets in these animals from a 25 µl blood sample is also described.
05:20
Determination of 45 Pesticides in Avocado Varieties by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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2023
The present protocol describes the analysis of multiclass pesticide residues in avocado varieties using the Quick-Easy-Cheap-Effective-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS) method with ammonium formate, followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
23:56
Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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Cited by 4 •
2010
Anti-retroviral therapy to treat HIV/AIDS is monitored in South Africa on a large scale. Flow cytometry is combined for haematology (CD45), immunology (CD4) and viral-load linked CD38 assay. Recorded at NHLS-SA laboratories, Johannesburg, these modern methods are cost-efficient with heightened local internal quality control, serving as role-models for resource-limited diagnostics.
06:56
Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney
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Cited by 26 •
2014
DNabT cells are rare among peripheral T cells; however, they are abundant in certain non-lymphoid tissues. Difficulty of isolating DN T cells from non-lymphoid tissue hinders their functional analysis despite increasing recognized pathophysiologic significance. We describe a novel protocol for isolation of highly purified DN T cells from murine kidney.
08:37
Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice
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Cited by 17 •
2015
Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.
FAQs
The logarithmic scale makes small numerical changes chemically meaningful. Moving from pH 4.5 to pH 3.5 represents a tenfold increase in hydrogen ion concentration or activity, while moving upward by one unit represents a tenfold decrease. This relationship helps chemists compare acidity changes quantitatively rather than treating pH values as linear measurements.
At pH 4.5, hydrogen ion activity provides the relevant basis for describing acidity, while concentration is a related quantity that may also be considered. Distinguishing these terms matters because the stated acidity reference is based on activity. This framing supports more precise interpretation of acid-base behavior and comparisons between experimental conditions.
Acidic conditions at pH 4.5 can substantially influence both chemical equilibria and reaction rates. Because acidity changes are expressed logarithmically, even a modest numerical shift from this reference can represent a large change in hydrogen ion concentration or activity. Controlling the value therefore helps chemists examine acid-base behavior under a defined, reproducible condition.
For buffer work, pH 4.5 serves as a target reference for preparation and evaluation. A buffer system can be assessed by how consistently it establishes or maintains this specified acidic condition. Using the same reference value allows chemists to compare buffer behavior across experiments and determine whether the system supports the intended chemical conditions.
In analytical procedures, pH 4.5 provides a controlled condition against which chemical behavior and experimental results can be evaluated. Maintaining the specified value helps limit variability associated with changing acidity, making observations more comparable. This reference is particularly useful when the procedure depends on consistent acid-base behavior or controlled chemical equilibria.
Maintaining pH 4.5 helps ensure that repeated experiments begin under the same acidity condition. This consistency matters because changes in hydrogen ion activity can alter chemical equilibria and reaction rates, potentially affecting results. Treating pH 4.5 as a controlled reference therefore supports reproducible reactions, clearer comparisons, and more consistent experimental outcomes.