Name: lab spill and accident response basics
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:57:27.000Z
Duration: 5 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

1. 一般性紧急情况
<ol>
	<li>根据紧急情况的类型，有不同的具体处理指南；然而，各类紧急情况均需遵循一些普遍原则：</li>
	<li>首先确保自身安全并保持冷静。</li>
	<li>呼叫当地急救人员或安全部门（即，环境健康与安全（EHS）部门），在可能的情况下，报告紧急情况。</li>
	<li>告知附近人员发生的情况，并在必要时拉响紧急警报。</li>
</ol>
2. 化学品泄漏
在使用化学品的实验室工作中，化学溢出是最常见的事故。不当或粗心地开启、操作或储存化学品都可能导致化学溢出。大量非危险化学品的泄漏，甚至少量危险化学品的泄漏，都可能威胁实验室人员的生命安全。因此，在操作化学品时必须格外小心，并始终穿戴适当的个人防护装备（PPE），以防止发生泄漏时造成身体暴露。
<ol>
	<li>化学品泄漏至周围环境
	<ol>
		<li>确定化学品泄漏区域，并通知实验室同事。必要时撤离泄漏地点及周边区域。</li>
		<li>识别泄漏的化学品及其泄漏量。根据泄漏化学品的危险特性和数量，采取相应措施。请参考该化学品的安全数据表（SDS）进行危害评估。</li>
		<li>小规模泄漏指低危害性化学品泄漏量少于1加仑，或有害化学品泄漏量少于20 mL：
		<ol>
			<li>在采取任何措施前，首先穿戴适当的个人防护装备（PPE），注意避免身体接触化学品。</li>
			<li>如有可能，应调整泄漏源以防止进一步泄漏。</li>
			<li>如有可能，在化学品易燃的情况下关闭附近的热源或点火源。</li>
			<li>避免吸入泄漏化学品产生的蒸气，尤其对于有毒且易挥发的化学品更需注意。</li>
			<li>找到泄漏应急处理包，并使用合适的工具控制和围堵泄漏区域。</li>
			<li>使用适当的吸附材料覆盖泄漏物；若化学品呈酸性或碱性，应使用中和剂进行中和处理。</li>
			<li>收集残留物并将其放入合适的容器中。</li>
			<li>报告环境健康与安全部门（EHS），由其处置所有化学品泄漏废物。</li>
			<li>补充泄漏应急处理包中的物品。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>大规模泄漏指低危害性化学品泄漏量超过1加仑，或高危害性化学品泄漏量超过20 mL。若发生大规模泄漏：
		<ol>
			<li>立即封锁并撤离泄漏区域。</li>
			<li>确保所有附近人员知晓发生了大规模泄漏。</li>
			<li>联系应急响应人员或环境健康与安全部门（EHS）寻求帮助。</li>
			<li>即使穿戴了个人防护装备（PPE），也切勿尝试自行清理大规模泄漏。</li>
			<li>在不接触泄漏物的前提下，如有可能，关闭易燃化学品附近热源的电源。</li>
			<li>在应急人员到达后，协助其确认泄漏区域。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>化学品泄漏到身体上
	<ol>
		<li>立即使用安全淋浴器冲洗身体上所有泄漏的化学品，持续至少15分钟。若衣物被化学品浸透，应立即脱去衣物。</li>
		<li>若化学品溅入眼睛，应立即使用洗眼器冲洗至少15分钟。冲洗时应保持眼睛睁开，以确保彻底清洗。仅可在开始冲洗后尝试摘除隐形眼镜。</li>
		<li>若泄漏化学品为强酸，应先擦拭残留物，再进行冲洗，以避免造成过度或剧烈灼痛。</li>
		<li>立即脱去受污染的衣物，防止化学品进一步接触身体。</li>
		<li>联系本地应急响应人员或环境健康与安全部门（EHS）寻求紧急援助，并提醒泄漏区域附近的人员注意。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 火灾或爆炸
<ol>
	<li>实验室中，易燃化学品或气体若过热、泄漏或溢出，暴露于高温、明火或电火花时，可能发生火灾或爆炸。操作易燃或易爆化学品时需格外小心，避免附近存在热源或电火花。安全操作电气设备及任何热源，以防止火灾或爆炸。</li>
	<li>若人员衣物着火，切勿奔跑，以免加剧火势。应立即停止移动，就地倒下，双手护住面部，并滚动身体以扑灭火焰。如条件允许，可使用紧急淋浴装置灭火。</li>
	<li>若发生实验室火灾或爆炸，应首先确保自身安全，并立即呼叫应急救援人员求助。</li>
	<li>安全撤离建筑物，并在可能的情况下拉动火警报警器或通知周围人员。</li>
	<li>切勿使用电梯，应使用楼梯并寻找最近的出口。</li>
	<li>如条件允许，在撤离前关闭电源。</li>
	<li>若烟雾较重，可用湿毛巾捂住口鼻。</li>
	<li>若为初期小火，可使用合适的灭火器进行扑救，并确保有畅通的逃生通道，以防灭火失败。以下列出灭火器类型，并说明各类灭火器适用的场景。
	<ol>
		<li>火灾类型。 
		A类：普通可燃固体，如纸张、木材、衣物。 
		B类：易燃液体，如汽油、石油、油漆，以及丙烷、甲烷和丁烷等易燃气体。 
		C类：电气设备，如电器、电机。 
		D类：可燃金属，如钠、铝和钾。 
		K类：烹饪油和油脂，如动物或植物脂肪。</li>
		<li>灭火器类型。
		<ol>
			<li>水型和泡沫型：仅适用于A类火灾。不适用于B类或C类火灾。水通过降温灭火，泡沫则有助于隔绝氧气与可燃物。</li>
			<li>二氧化碳型：适用于B类和C类火灾。对A类火灾无效。二氧化碳通过隔绝氧气和降温来灭火。</li>
			<li>干粉型：通用型干粉灭火器适用于A、B、C类火灾，普通干粉灭火器仅适用于B、C类火灾。干粉通过中断燃烧的化学反应来灭火。</li>
			<li>湿化学型：仅适用于K类火灾。湿化学剂通过降温并隔绝燃料与氧气来灭火。</li>
			<li>洁净气体型：适用于B类和C类火灾。此类灭火器使用哈龙或卤代烃类药剂中断燃烧的化学反应。</li>
			<li>干粉型（金属专用）：仅适用于D类火灾。干粉通过吸热和隔绝氧气来灭火。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>确保自身安全的前提下，在可能的情况下协助他人。</li>
	<li>警惕二次火灾或爆炸的发生。</li>
</ol>
4. 人员伤害
<ol>
	<li>除了化学品泄漏、火灾或爆炸外，实验室中还可能发生许多其他类型的事故，例如触电、烫伤、出血或中毒。以下是处理人员受伤时应遵循的一些基本原则。
	<ol>
		<li>在采取任何行动之前，先评估现场情况。</li>
		<li>如果伤者意识清醒，应首先询问其发生了什么；若伤者失去意识和/或无反应，则应观察其可能的受伤迹象。</li>
		<li>若伤者处于危险中，应立即联系当地急救人员。</li>
		<li>除非存在迫在眉睫的危险，否则不要移动受伤人员。</li>
		<li>若有人遭受电击，应尽可能先切断电源。切勿用手直接触碰伤者。应使用木头、玻璃或橡胶等不导电材料将人员从电源处移开。</li>
		<li>对于轻微割伤引起的出血，应用水冲洗以避免污染，并使用急救用品进行处理；若伤口较严重，则应立即呼叫医疗援助。</li>
		<li>在条件允许的情况下，应立即实施急救措施以提供帮助。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

无论安全规程多么详尽，实验室都可能发生紧急情况。一旦发生紧急状况，切勿惊慌，应首先确保自身安全，再考虑采取其他措施。评估现场情况，并联系当地应急机构寻求帮助。对于严重伤害，应等待专业急救人员到达，切勿在缺乏专业知识的情况下擅自处理。对于轻微伤害，必要时可使用急救箱进行处置。

在进入实验室工作之前，应提前了解可能发生的实验室事故，并通过遵守安全规程来预防事故的发生。在处理危险化学品和/或严苛工作条件时需采取预防措施。应提前规划好各类事故发生时应采取的应对措施。一旦发生紧急情况，首先保持冷静并确保自身安全；随后立即联系当地应急救援人员寻求帮助，同时提醒周围人员注意紧急情况及其可能造成的影响，并采取适当措施以减少损失或伤害。

实验室紧急情况处理指南

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen，宾夕法尼亚州立大学，University Park，宾夕法尼亚州
最常见的实验室紧急情况包括化学品泄漏、火灾或爆炸、电击以及人员受伤。大多数实验室事故的发生是由于计划不周或注意力不集中所致。因此，预防事故（采取主动措施）远比在紧急情况下再采取应对措施（采取被动反应）更为重要。例如，始终在实验室内穿戴适当的个人防护装备（PPE）。定期进行实验室检查和设备维护有助于预防实验室事故。然而，一旦发生紧急情况，了解如何应对也至关重要。首先确保自身安全，必要时及时联系当地应急响应人员。您的应对措施应根据事件的严重程度以及实验室针对此类事件的既定规程来决定。保持冷静，并根据紧急情况的类型和级别采取适当的行动。

Robert M. Rioux 和 Zhifeng Chen，宾夕法尼亚州立大学，University Park，PA  
最常见的实验室紧急情况包括化学品泄漏、……

即使遵守了安全规定，实验室中仍可能发生紧急情况。因此，了解事故发生时应采取的措施非常重要。实验室事故最常见的三种类型是化学品泄漏、火灾与爆炸以及人员受伤。无论发生何种情况，都应始终保持冷静，撤离至安全区域后立即联系当地应急救援人员，并告知周围人员所发生的事故。泄漏是最常见的事故，本系列的另一段视频中已对此进行了详细讲解。火灾和爆炸通常由过热、易燃化学品溢出或气体接触热源、火焰及电火花引起。为防止火灾和爆炸，安全操作电气设备和热源至关重要。人身伤害在实验室中包括多种类型，例如电击、烧伤、外伤或化学品暴露。这些伤害可能由未遵守正确操作规程或设备故障引起。每种情况都需要采取特定措施，但应遵循一些通用原则，以确保伤者的安全。了解了一些常见的紧急情况原因后，让我们来看看如何应对火灾或人身伤害。如果衣物着火，切勿奔跑，以免火势加剧。应立即停下，就地躺倒，用双手护住面部，并滚动身体以扑灭火苗。若条件允许，可使用紧急淋浴装置灭火。更多详细信息，请参阅我们的紧急淋浴安全操作视频。若实验室发生火灾或爆炸，应首先确保自身安全，并立即呼叫应急救援人员求助。如果可能，在撤离该区域前先关闭电源。使用湿毛巾捂住口鼻，以防浓烟侵害。拉动火灾警报器并安全撤离建筑物。请使用楼梯，因为电梯可能在运行过程中受损。小型火灾可以使用灭火器扑灭，但必须根据火灾类型选择正确的灭火器。A类火灾涉及普通可燃固体，例如纸张或衣物。B类火灾包括易燃液体和气体，如汽油或丁烷。C类火灾由电气设备引发，而D类火灾涉及可燃金属，例如钠。最后，K类火灾是指油脂火灾。根据现场火灾类型选择合适的灭火器，例如泡沫、二氧化碳或化学灭火器，对于防止火势蔓延和加剧至关重要。人身伤害涵盖多种情况。在采取任何行动前，务必先评估现场状况。如果伤者意识清醒，应询问其发生了什么情况。如果伤者失去意识或无反应，应寻找可能的受伤迹象。如果发现该人处于危险之中，应立即拨打当地急救电话。除非需要将伤者移离严重威胁，否则不要移动伤者。如果有人遭受电击，首先应尽可能关闭电源。使用木头、玻璃或橡胶等非导电材料将该人员从电源接触处拉开。如果人员有轻微割伤或擦伤出血，应用清水冲洗以避免污染，并使用急救用品进行处理。对于严重割伤，应呼叫医疗援助。在等待救援期间，应保持患者温暖和情绪稳定。如果您具备相关知识并愿意施以援手，请立即实施急救措施提供帮助。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于实验室事故应急指南的介绍视频。现在，您应该了解在发生火灾、爆炸或人身伤害时应采取的措施。感谢观看！

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

基础生物学

Lab Safety

实验室安全

实验室紧急指南

lab spill and accident response basics

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step.

Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and equipment maintenance also help prevent accidents and keep the workspace safer.

If an emergency does happen, the first priority is personal safety. Call local emergency responders when needed, but only when the situation calls for it. The response should match the seriousness of the incident and follow the laboratory's written protocols.

Staying calm is important during any lab emergency. The right action depends on the type and level of the event. Safe, careful response helps limit harm while support is on the way.

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step. Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and...

chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

chemical-storage-categories-hazards-and-compatibilities

Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

Vacuum pumps are used in many laboratory procedures that need low pressure. They help create vacuum conditions for experiments and equipment that must run below normal atmospheric pressure. In the lab, vacuum pumps are the most common way to achieve this low-pressure environment. They can also support rapid changes in the atmosphere inside a reactor or flask. This is done by evacuating the vessel and then backfilling it with another gas.

operating the glovebox

Glovebox Atmosphere and Sample Transfer

A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

operation-of-high-pressure-reactor-vessels

Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment. Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment.

proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

本系列提供了使用危险材料和设备时应遵循的安全指导原则。它涵盖了个人防护装备，电气安全和一般应急指南等普遍主题，以及化学和生物实验室的一些特定安全程序。

Learn how to prepare for and respond to common laboratory emergencies like spills, fire, electric shock, and injuries using safe, calm lab procedures.

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Fire or Explosions

Personal Injury

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

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