Name: lab spill and accident response basics
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:57:27.000Z
Duration: 5 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

1. General Emergency
<ol>
	<li>Depending on the type of the emergency, there are specific guidelines to follow; however, there are a few general principles to follow for any type of emergency:</li>
	<li>Keep yourself safe first and remain calm.</li>
	<li>Call local emergency responders or a safety department (i.e., Environmental Health and Safety (EHS)), when possible, to report the emergency.</li>
	<li>Inform people nearby of what happened and pull the emergency alarm, when and if necessary.</li>
</ol>
2. Chemical Spills
Chemical spills are the most common accidents when working in a laboratory requiring chemicals. Improper or careless opening, handling, or storage of chemicals might lead to chemical spills. Large-volume spills of a non-hazardous chemical or even a small-quantity spill of a hazardous chemical spill might threaten the lives of laboratory personnel. Therefore, caution needs to be taken when working with chemicals and always wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent bodily exposure in the case of a spill.
<ol>
	<li>Chemical spilling onto surroundings
	<ol>
		<li>Identify the area of the chemical spill and inform your laboratory co-workers of the spill. Evacuate the location and areas surrounding the spill, when necessary.</li>
		<li>Identify the spilled chemicals and the amount of chemical that has spilled. Depending on the hazardous properties and quantities of the spilled chemicals, proper actions need to be taken. Refer to the chemical&#39;s safety data sheet (SDS) for hazard assessments.</li>
		<li>Minor spills refer to spills of less than 1 gallon of low-hazard chemicals or less than 20 mL of hazardous chemicals:
		<ol>
			<li>Wear proper PPE first before taking any action. Care should be taken to avoid bodily exposure to chemicals.</li>
			<li>If possible, modify the spill source to avoid further issues.</li>
			<li>If possible, turn off any nearby heat or ignition source if the chemical is flammable.</li>
			<li>Avoid breathing any vapors from spilled chemicals. This applies especially to chemicals that are toxic and volatile.</li>
			<li>Locate the spill kit and use appropriate kit tools to confine and contain the spill area.</li>
			<li>Use suitable adsorbent to cover the spill and neutralize the spill, if the chemicals are acidic or basic in nature.</li>
			<li>Collect the residues and place them into in a suitable container.</li>
			<li>Report to EHS to dispose of any chemical spill waste.</li>
			<li>Refill the spill kit.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Major spills refer to spills of larger than 1 gallon of low-hazard chemicals or larger than 20 mL of high-hazardous chemicals. If a major spill occurs:
		<ol>
			<li>Secure and evacuate the spilled area immediately.</li>
			<li>Make sure all nearby personnel are aware that a major spill has occurred.</li>
			<li>Call emergency responders or EHS for help.</li>
			<li>Never attempt to clean up a major spill even when wearing PPE.</li>
			<li>If possible, without exposure to the spill, shut down the power to any heat source if the spilled chemical is flammable.</li>
			<li>Help the emergency personnel identify the spilled area when they arrive.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Chemical spills onto the body
	<ol>
		<li>Wash off all chemicals spilled on a body immediately using a safety shower for at least 15 min. If clothes are saturated with spilled chemical, remove clothing immediately.</li>
		<li>If the spill splashed into eyes, use an eyewash right away for at least 15 min. Open the eyes to allow complete washing. Only attempt to remove contact lenses after eye washing has commenced.</li>
		<li>If the spilled chemical is a strong acid, wipe out the residues first before washing to avoid excessive or painful burning.</li>
		<li>Remove contaminated clothing immediately to avoid further exposure to chemicals.</li>
		<li>Call local responders or EHS for emergency assistance and alert people in the vicinity of the spill.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Fire or Explosion
<ol>
	<li>Fire or explosion may occur from overheating, leakage, or spillage of flammable chemicals, or gases exposed to excessive heat, an open flame, or electric sparks in the laboratory. Be careful when working with flammable or explosive chemicals and avoid heat or electric sparks nearby. Safely operate electric equipment and any source of heat to prevent fire or explosion.</li>
	<li>In case of a fire involving an individual&#39;s clothing, do not run since it might accelerate the fire. Stop, drop onto the ground with hands covering the face, and roll to extinguish the fire. If possible, use the safety shower to extinguish the fire.</li>
	<li>In case of a lab fire or explosion, ensure your safety first and call emergency responders immediately for help.</li>
	<li>Evacuate the building safely and pull fire alarms or notify nearby people, if possible.</li>
	<li>Don&#39;t use elevators. Use stairs and locate the nearest exit.</li>
	<li>If possible, shut down the electric power before evacuating.</li>
	<li>Use a wet towel to cover the mouth and nose, if there is heavy smoke.</li>
	<li>In case of a small fire, use a proper fire extinguisher and make sure an easy exit is available if you fail in extinguishing the fire. Here we listed the types of extinguisher and discussed the circumstances in which each extinguisher type should be used.
	<ol>
		<li>Types of fire. 
		Class A: Ordinary combustible solids such as paper, wood, clothes. 
		Class B: Flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil and paint and flammable gases such propane, methane and butane. 
		Class C: Electrical equipment such as appliances, motors. 
		Class D: Combustible metals such as sodium, aluminum and potassium. 
		Class K: Cooling oil and greases such as animal or vegetable fats.</li>
		<li>Types of extinguisher.
		<ol>
			<li>Water and Foam: for Class A fires only. Not suitable for class B or C fires. Water and foam extinguish fire by reducing the heat and the foam helps to separate oxygen from the objects.</li>
			<li>Carbon Dioxide: for Class B and C fires. Not effective for Class A fire. Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire by separating oxygen from the object and removing heat.</li>
			<li>Dry Chemical: multipurpose dry chemical works for Class A, B and C and ordinary dry chemicals works for Class B and C only. Dry chemical extinguishes fire by interrupting the chemical reaction.</li>
			<li>Wet Chemical: for Class K fire only. Wet chemical extinguishes fire by removing heat and separates oxygen from fuel elements.</li>
			<li>Clean agent: for Class B and C. Clean extinguishers used halon or halocarbon agents to interrupt the chemical reactions.</li>
			<li>Dry Power: for Class D only. Dry power takes away heat and separates oxygen to extinguish fire.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Be safe first and help others if possible.</li>
	<li>Be aware of a second fire or explosion.</li>
</ol>
4. Personnel Injuries
<ol>
	<li>Besides chemical spills, fire, or explosion, there are many other accidents that might happen in the lab, such as electric shock, heat burn, bleeding, or poisoning. Here are some general principles to follow for personnel injuries.
	<ol>
		<li>Assess the situation before taking any actions.</li>
		<li>Ask the person what happened to them first, if they are conscious. Look for possible signs of injury if the person is unconscious and/or unresponsive.</li>
		<li>Call local emergency responders immediately if the person is in danger.</li>
		<li>Don&#39;t move the injured personnel unless imminent danger is present.</li>
		<li>If an individual has received an electrical shock, shut down the power first, if possible. Do not touch the person with bare hands. Use non-conductive material such as wood, glass, or rubber to pull the person away from the electric contact.</li>
		<li>If bleeding from minor cuts, flush with water to avoid contamination and treat with first aid supplies. If cuts are more serious, call for medical assistance.</li>
		<li>Initiate first aid to help, if possible.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

Emergencies may happen in the laboratory no matter how detailed the safety regulations are. If an emergency arises, don't panic and ensure your safety first before attempting additional actions. Assess the situation and call local emergency agencies for assistance. For severe injuries, wait until emergency responders come, and don't take any actions without appropriate knowledge. For minor injuries, use the first aid kit to help, when necessary.

Be aware of possible laboratory accidents in advance before working in the lab and prevent accidents from happening by following safety regulations. Take precautions when dealing with hazardous chemicals and/or severe working conditions. Plan in advance what should be done in all kinds of accidents. In case of an emergency, keep calm and attend to your own safety first. Next, call local emergency responders for assistance and alert people in the vicinity of the emergency and its potential impact on them. Take proper actions to decrease damage or injuries.

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Most laboratory accidents occur due to poor planning or lack of attention. Therefore, it's always better to prevent accidents (being proactive) than having to take any actions during an emergency (being reactive). For example, always wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) in the laboratory. Regular laboratory inspection and equipment maintenance is beneficial to prevent laboratory accidents. However, once the emergency occurs, it's also essential to know what to do. Ensure your personal safety first and then call local emergency responders, when and if necessary. The extent of your response will depend on the seriousness of the incident and documented laboratory protocols for dealing with such incidents. Stay calm and take proper actions according to the type and level of emergency.

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Even when safety regulations are followed, emergencies can happen in the laboratory. Therefore, it is important to know what to do in the case of an accident.The three most common types of laboratory accidents are chemical spills, fires and explosions, and personnel injuries. In any case, you should always remain calm, contact local emergency responders once you've moved to safety, and inform nearby people of what happened.Spills are the most common accidents, which we cover in detail in another video in this collection. Fires and explosions typically occur from overheating, spillage of flammable chemicals, or gases exposed to heat, flames, or electric sparks. It's important to operate electric equipment and heat sources safely to prevent fire and explosions.Personal injuries include a wide range of categories in the lab, such as electric shock, burns, wounds, or chemical exposure. These can be caused by not following correct guidelines, as well as equipment malfunction. Each case requires specific actions, but there are general principles to follow to ensure the safety of the injured party.Now that you understand some of the typical emergencies causes, let's see how to deal with fires or personal injuries.In case of a fire involving an individual's clothing, never run as it might accelerate the fire. Stop, drop on to the ground with hands covering the face, and roll to extinguish the fire. If possible, use a safety shower to extinguish the fire. For more information, see our video on safety shower.In case of lab fire or explosion, ensure your safety first and call emergency responders immediately for help.If possible, shut down the electric power before evacuating the area. Use a wet towel to cover mouth and nose as protection against heavy smoke.Pull fire alarms and evacuate the building safely. Use stairs, as elevators could be damaged during operation.Small fires can be contained with an extinguisher, but it's important to use the correct one, depending on the type of fire. Class A fires involve ordinary combustible solids, such as paper or clothes. Class B fires include flammable liquids and gases, like gasoline or butane.C type fires are caused by electrical equipment, while Class D fires are combustible metals, like sodium. Finally, class K fires, are grease fires.Matching the correct type of extinguisher, such as foam, carbon dioxide, or chemical, to the fire on hand is important to avoid spreading and aggravation of flames. Personal injuries cover a wide range of situations. Always access the situation before taking actions. If the person is conscious, ask them what happened. If the person is unconscious or unresponsive, look for possible signs of injury.If the person seems to be in danger, call local emergency immediately. Don't move the injured person unless they need to be removed from a serious threat.If an individual has received an electrical shock, first shut down the power if possible. Use non-conductive material such as wood, glass, or rubber to pull the person away from the electric contact.If the person is bleeding from minor cuts or abrasions, flush with water to avoid contamination and treat with first aid supplies. For serious cuts, call for medical assistance.While waiting for assistance, keep the person warm and calm. If you have knowledge and are willing to help, initiate first aid to help. You've just watched JoVE's introduction to emergency guidelines in case of laboratory accidents. You should now understand what to do in the case of fires, explosions, or personal injuries. Thanks for watching!

Education

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Lab Safety

lab spill and accident response basics

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step.

Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and equipment maintenance also help prevent accidents and keep the workspace safer.

If an emergency does happen, the first priority is personal safety. Call local emergency responders when needed, but only when the situation calls for it. The response should match the seriousness of the incident and follow the laboratory's written protocols.

Staying calm is important during any lab emergency. The right action depends on the type and level of the event. Safe, careful response helps limit harm while support is on the way.

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step. Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and...

chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

chemical-storage-categories-hazards-and-compatibilities

Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

Vacuum pumps are used in many laboratory procedures that need low pressure. They help create vacuum conditions for experiments and equipment that must run below normal atmospheric pressure. In the lab, vacuum pumps are the most common way to achieve this low-pressure environment. They can also support rapid changes in the atmosphere inside a reactor or flask. This is done by evacuating the vessel and then backfilling it with another gas.

operating the glovebox

Glovebox Atmosphere and Sample Transfer

A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

operation-of-high-pressure-reactor-vessels

Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment. Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment.

proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

This collection provides safety guidelines to be followed when working with hazardous materials and equipment. It covers universal topics such as PPE, electrical safety, and general emergency guidelines, as well as some specific safety procedures for chemistry and biology laboratories.

Learn how to prepare for and respond to common laboratory emergencies like spills, fire, electric shock, and injuries using safe, calm lab procedures.

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Fire or Explosions

Personal Injury

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14686.jpg

Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system translates sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes into information as thoughts and memories, forming ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

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