Name: choosing the right lab ppe
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:59:19.000Z
Duration: 5 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

1. 最低个人防护装备
<ol>
	<li>进入实验室时，至少应穿戴基本的个人防护装备（PPE），包括安全眼镜（后文详述）、长裤和包趾鞋。这些装备可为实验室中的常见危险提供基本防护。此外，长发应束起，不得佩戴悬挂式首饰。</li>
</ol>
2. 手套
<ol>
	<li>在实验室中，手部通常是离危险源最近的身体部位，因此手套是正确个人防护装备（PPE）中必不可少的一部分。然而，对于当前操作任务应选用何种手套，往往并不总是显而易见。通过进行任务危害评估，有助于确定应佩戴的合适手套类型。该评估需考虑以下因素：
	<ol>
		<li>化学危害：危害物质的化学性质在选择合适手套时至关重要。常见的耐化学性手套材料包括丁基橡胶、乳胶、氯丁橡胶、丁腈橡胶、聚乙烯、聚乙烯醇和聚氯乙烯等。通常可通过查阅化学品兼容性图表（Ansell Occupational Healthcare, 2008）来简便地选择适当的材料。没有任何材料能对某种化学品实现100%的防护，所有材料都会被化学品渗透，只是渗透速率不同。查阅手套化学品兼容性图表时，应重点关注穿透时间（breakthrough time），即某种化学品完全穿透一副全新手套所需的时间。当连续操作时间超过穿透时间时，应及时更换手套。若手套发生撕裂或穿孔，应立即脱下并更换。手套上的孔洞会使化学品直接穿透，导致手套失去防护作用。</li>
		<li>物理危害：物理性危害可能包括低温（深冷）或高温、锐器以及机械力等。</li>
		<li>低温（深冷）环境：在低温（深冷）环境下，应使用深冷防护手套。深冷手套长度可从手腕至肩部，通常由尼龙外层和聚酯内层制成。具体长度应根据任务的进一步评估来选择。操作液氮是接触深冷环境的常见情形。</li>
		<li>高温环境：在高温环境下，应使用耐热手套。耐热手套有多种形状、尺寸和材质。基础型耐热手套通常由棉质材料制成，而更高级的耐热手套则采用丁腈橡胶或凯夫拉（Kevlar）等材料。选择耐热手套时，应确保所操作的温度在手套的耐受范围内。</li>
		<li>锐器：在操作针头、剃刀、刀片或任何可能割伤或刺穿皮肤的物品时，应佩戴防割防穿刺手套。常见材料包括凯夫拉（Kevlar）和皮革。防割防穿刺手套通常内置防护板。</li>
		<li>机械力：为防范机械力带来的伤害，应佩戴抗冲击手套。抗冲击手套通常带有额外的缓冲层，如泡沫或凝胶层。</li>
		<li>辐射：在操作或靠近放射性物质时，应使用辐射衰减手套。含铅橡胶手套可有效屏蔽手部免受辐射（屏蔽效果随厚度增加而提升），但其重量较大且操作不便。铅的常见替代材料包括钛、铋和钨。尽管这些替代材料的屏蔽效果不如铅，但其废弃处理时无需作为危险废物处置，相较铅更具优势。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 面部防护
<ol>
	<li>面部防护旨在保护眼睛和肺部免受化学飞溅、化学蒸气、空气中的粉末、飞溅颗粒、强光辐射、热量和有害气体的伤害。有多种类型的面部防护用品可用于防止眼睛和肺部受损，包括眼镜、护目镜、面罩、呼吸器和防毒面具。应根据当前任务所涉及的危害类型选择合适的面部防护用品。安全眼镜是进入实验室空间所需的最低个人防护装备（PPE）之一。所需的安全眼镜应符合 ANSI 标准 Z87.1，应带有侧护罩，具备抗冲击性，能防护飞溅颗粒，并提供对化学飞溅的基本防护。</li>
</ol>
表1 以下列出了针对特定危害所推荐的面部防护用品选择。根据危害程度的不同，可选择不同级别的防护。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>危害类型</td>
			<td>暴露方式</td>
			<td>来源</td>
			<td>防护措施</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">化学性</td>
			<td>飞溅</td>
			<td>液体、酸/碱、溶液</td>
			<td>护目镜、安全眼镜、面罩</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>蒸气/气体</td>
			<td>挥发性溶剂/固体、气体</td>
			<td>护目镜、全面罩气体呼吸器</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>粉尘</td>
			<td>空气中的颗粒物</td>
			<td>细粉末、纳米颗粒、打磨、锯切</td>
			<td>护目镜、配备颗粒物呼吸器的护目镜、全面罩颗粒物呼吸器</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>冲击</td>
			<td>飞散的颗粒、碎片、物体</td>
			<td>锯切、射钉枪操作</td>
			<td>安全眼镜、护目镜、面罩</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">光辐射</td>
			<td rowspan="3">紫外、红外及可见光辐射</td>
			<td>气焊、电弧焊、气焊钎焊</td>
			<td>焊接护目镜、适当遮光号的焊接面罩</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>紫外、红外辐射</td>
			<td>防护眼镜</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>强光眩光</td>
			<td>有色防护眼镜</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="3">热危害</td>
			<td>飞散的颗粒、碎片、火花</td>
			<td>研磨、高温作业</td>
			<td>安全眼镜、护目镜、面罩</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>飞溅</td>
			<td>熔融金属、熔盐、高温溶剂</td>
			<td>护目镜、面罩</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>暴露</td>
			<td>火焰、高温物体</td>
			<td>安全眼镜、护目镜、面罩</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>生物性</td>
			<td>空气中的颗粒物</td>
			<td>生物样本</td>
			<td>安全眼镜、护目镜、面罩、配备颗粒物呼吸器的护目镜、全面罩颗粒物呼吸器</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
表1：针对特定类型危害选择适当的眼部防护装备。
<ol start="2">
	<li>普通眼镜在实验室中不适合作为面部防护。普通眼镜对飞溅物的防护作用非常有限，且通常不具备抗冲击性。可配备处方安全眼镜，或在普通眼镜外佩戴防护面罩。</li>
</ol>
4. 身体
<ol>
	<li>实验服和围裙用于保护身体免受实验室中的各种危害。实验服应由阻燃材料制成，扣好扣子，并合身贴身。未扣扣子或过于宽松的实验服容易在实验室内被物体挂住而引发危险。当需要进一步防护时，应穿戴橡胶围裙。橡胶围裙不会吸收溅洒物，并能提供更好的防热保护。</li>
</ol>
5. 听觉
<ol>
	<li>在暴露于高噪声或持续噪声环境中较长时间时，必须佩戴听力保护装置。根据噪声水平，应佩戴耳塞或耳罩。</li>
</ol>

适当的个人防护装备

Robert M. Rioux &amp;#38; William A Elliott，宾夕法尼亚州立大学，University Park，PA
实验室中的危险多种多样，但正确选择个人防护装备（PPE）可使实验室成为安全的工作场所。

Robert M. Rioux ＆ William A Elliott，宾夕法尼亚州立大学，大学城，宾夕法尼亚州  
实验室中的危害多种多样，但正确的……

实验室中存在许多危险，但正确选择个人防护装备可以使工作环境变得更加安全。个人防护装备（PPE）有助于保护人员免受危害。它包括合适的实验服，以及手套、护目镜、面罩和实验外套等物品。所佩戴的个人防护装备（PPE）取决于存在的具体危害。此外，在极端低温、极端高温和放射性等情况下，还需要使用专用设备。在本视频中，我们将向您展示如何在实验室中着装，以及一些专用的个人防护装备（PPE）。进入实验室时，应穿戴最低限度的个人防护装备（PPE）。包括长袖衬衫、长裤和包趾鞋。穿着合身且扣好的阻燃实验服，因为宽松的实验服容易被物体勾住。如需进一步防止液体飞溅或热伤害，应穿戴橡胶围裙。在实验室中务必佩戴安全护目镜。护目镜应带有侧护板，具备抗冲击性能，并能防护飞溅的颗粒物和化学液体喷溅。处方眼镜无法提供此类保护，因此仍需额外佩戴防护眼镜。最后，为避免被物体挂住，应取下任何悬挂的首饰（如耳环），并将长发扎起。手套是个人防护装备（PPE）的重要组成部分，因为手部通常是距离危害最近的身体部位。耐化学手套有多种类型，包括乳胶、丁腈、氯丁橡胶、聚乙烯和聚氯乙烯手套。所佩戴手套的类型取决于您所接触的物质。选择手套时，应查阅化学兼容性图表。该图表提供了手套对各种化学品耐受性的相关信息。此外，图表还列出了穿透时间，即化学品渗透手套所需的时间。不同的物理危害需要使用不同类型的手套。低温防护手套比普通手套更长，由尼龙外层和聚酯内层制成。在处理液氮等极低温物质时应使用此类手套。基础的耐热手套由棉制成，而更高级的则由丁腈橡胶或凯夫拉材料制成。使用这些手套时，应确保温度在手套的耐受范围内。耐切割和耐穿刺手套可由凯夫拉（Kevlar）或皮革制成，并可能带有嵌入式护板。在操作针头等物品时应使用此类手套。在处理高机械力时，应使用耐冲击手套。这类手套具有额外的衬垫，例如泡沫或凝胶层。最后，进行辐射操作时需要使用特殊的衰减手套。含铅橡胶手套提供的防护效果最佳，但操作不便，且必须作为危险废物处理。而内衬其他金属（如钨）的手套操作起来较为方便，但防护效果较差。安全眼镜可为许多操作提供足够的防护，但有时需要更全面的面部保护。如果您正在处理会产生细小空气颗粒的物质，请使用呼吸器以保护肺部。当操作可能飞溅的危险化学品、产生飞溅火花的材料或高温物质时，应使用护目镜或全面罩。对于紫外线、红外线或强可见光辐射，应使用遮光眼镜或遮光面罩。此外，当暴露于超过85分贝的噪声环境时，必须使用听力保护装置。耳塞和耳罩均可将噪声水平降低15至30分贝。如果噪声超过105分贝，应同时使用两者。最后，个人防护装备并不总能提供充分的危险防护，而通风橱等工程控制措施也能降低风险。您刚刚观看了 JoVE 关于个人防护装备的介绍视频。现在您应该了解了基本的实验服、手套和面部防护。感谢观看！

Education

教育

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

基础生物学

Lab Safety

实验室安全

适当的个人防护设备

choosing the right lab ppe

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present.

Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab.

This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit exposure to common risks.

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

proper personal protective equipment

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本系列提供了使用危险材料和设备时应遵循的安全指导原则。它涵盖了个人防护装备，电气安全和一般应急指南等普遍主题，以及化学和生物实验室的一些特定安全程序。

Learn how choosing the right personal protective equipment helps make the laboratory safer when students face many different hazards during lab work.

Choosing the Right Lab PPE | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Basic Personal Protective Equipment

Hand Protection

Face and Ear Protection

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14686.jpg

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

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