Name: dna methylation and histone changes
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 46 s
Channel: JoVE

表观遗传调控 是指基因表达的变化， 可以在不改变基因序列的情况下进行遗传。
 这发生在正常的发展过程中， 也可能是由环境因素引起的， 如饮食，接触有毒物质和压力。
 表观遗传调控通过三种主要机制发生： DNA甲基化，组蛋白修饰， 和基于RNA的过程。
 在DNA甲基化中，甲基，CH3基团， 被添加到特定的碱基。
 这会改变调节蛋白的能力， 如转录因子，与DNA结合。
 通常会阻止基因转录。
 组蛋白修饰涉及添加化学基团， 如甲基或乙酰基， 对于组蛋白，DNA包裹自身 形成染色质。
 这些修饰会影响染色质的折叠程度。
 打开它，使其更容易转变， 或凝聚它，抑制转变。
 各种类型的RNA也可以具有表观遗传效应 包括微RNA和小干扰RNA 它们可以改变染色质结构。
 和信使RNA，可以被甲基化， 改变基因变异。
 无论机制如何，这些修改都， 传递给子细胞， 有时甚至传递给几代人 在不改变基因组的情况下 创造长期的表型变化。

"表观遗传学:变化的科学。"环境健康展望 114，第 3 期（2006 年 3 月）:A160-67。[<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392256/" target="__blank">来源</a>]

Gudsnuk、Kathryn 和 Frances A. Champagne。"压力和社会环境的表观遗传影响。"ILAR 杂志 53，第 3-4 期（2012 年 12 月）:279-88。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.53.3-4.279" target="__blank">来源</a>]

Simmons， Danielle "表观遗传影响和疾病"。自然教育 1 第 1 期 （2008）:6  [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895" target="__blank">来源</a>]

"DNA甲基化:基因表达的一种表观遗传控制形式。" 妇产科医生12，第1期（2010）:37-42。[<a href="https://doi.org/10.1576/toag.12.1.037.27556" target="__blank">来源</a>]

表观遗传调控

Epigenetic Regulation

表观遗传机制在健康发育中起着重要作用。相反，精确调控的表观遗传机制在癌症等疾病中被破坏。

在大多数哺乳动物中，雌性有两条X染色体 (XX) ，而雄性有一条x染色体和一条Y染色体 (XY)。X染色体包含的基因明显多于Y染色体。因此，为了防止女性X染色体连锁基因的过度表达，两条X染色体中的一条在发育早期被随机沉默。这个过程称为X染色体失活，是由DNA甲基化调节的。科学家发现，在非活性X染色体的基因启动子位点上，DNA甲基化程度比活性X染色体高。DNA甲基化阻止转录机制附着到启动子区域，从而抑制基因转录。
 
DNA甲基化异常在肿瘤中起重要作用。大多数基因的启动子区域包含由磷酸基团连接的胞嘧啶和鸟嘌呤核苷酸。这些地区被称为CpG 岛。在健康细胞中，CpG岛没有甲基化。然而，在癌细胞中，抑癌基因或细胞周期调控因子启动子区的CpG 岛过度甲基化。甲基化关闭了这些基因的表达，使癌细胞能够快速而不受控制地分裂。

表观遗传机制在健康发育过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。相反，诸如……等疾病中，原本精确调控的表观遗传机制遭到破坏。

Education

教育

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

分子生物学

Unit 1

第一单元

Gene Expression

基因表达

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

关键术语与概念

dna methylation and histone changes

Epigenetic regulation controls gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. It helps determine when genes are turned on or off in a cell.

Two major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation and histone modification. DNA methylation adds chemical groups to DNA, while histone changes affect how tightly DNA is packed around histone proteins. These changes can make genes easier or harder to use.

In high school biology, epigenetic regulation is important for understanding how cells with the same DNA can still act differently. It also shows how gene expression can be controlled by chemical marks on DNA and chromatin, the DNA-protein complex in the nucleus.

DNA Methylation and Histone Changes

cell specific gene expression

How Cells Switch Genes On and Off

Cells switch genes on and off to make different proteins for different jobs. In multicellular organisms, many cell types are built from the same DNA, but they do not use the same genes in the same way. This difference in gene expression helps explain why cells can look and act so differently. Liver cells are a clear example. They help detoxify blood, make bile to help digest fats, and produce proteins needed for metabolism. To do these jobs, liver cells must express a specific set of genes.

regulation of expression occurs at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-occurs-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several points between DNA and protein. The most common control point is transcription. At this stage, proteins bind to short regulatory DNA sequences and can either increase or reduce transcription of the linked gene. After transcription, a precursor mRNA is made. This pre-mRNA contains exons, which code for protein, and introns, which do not. It must be processed before translation, and splicing removes the introns and joins the exons. Cells can also regulate...

cis-regulatory sequences

How Cis-Regulatory DNA Controls Transcription

Cis-regulatory sequences are short, non-coding DNA segments that control gene transcription. They sit on the same chromosome as the genes they regulate and act as binding sites for transcriptional regulators. In eukaryotes, these proteins help control gene expression patterns in different cell types. These DNA sequences can be close to a gene or thousands of bases away. When they are far from the gene in the DNA sequence, they are often brought close together in space because chromosomes are...

cooperative binding of transcription regulators

cooperative-binding-of-transcription-regulators

How Transcription Factors Bind DNA

Transcriptional regulators bind to cis-regulatory DNA sequences to control gene transcription. These DNA sequences are very short, usually fewer than ten nucleotide pairs long. Because they are so short, the same sequence can appear by chance in many places across the genome. Some regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences. That raises the chance of random binding even more. To lower this risk, transcription regulators often form dimers, which are pairs of proteins that bind a DNA...

prokaryotic transcriptional activators and repressors

prokaryotic-transcriptional-activators-and-repressors

Operon Control by Activators and Repressors

Operon control in prokaryotes depends on activators and repressors. Prokaryotic genes are often arranged in groups, not one by one like in eukaryotes. Genes that help carry out the same biochemical process are placed together with their regulatory elements. This group is called an operon, and it is transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA strand. Activators and repressors are DNA-binding proteins that control transcription in an operon. Activators bind near the promoter, which is the site...

operons

Operons in Bacterial Gene Control

Operons help bacteria control groups of genes at the same time. An operon is a set of genes that are regulated together and can be turned on or off as a unit. This shared control helps bacteria respond quickly to changes in their environment. In many operons, a promoter gives RNA polymerase a place to bind and start transcription. The operon also includes a regulatory region that helps control whether the genes are expressed. When conditions change, the cell can use this setup to manage gene...

the eukaryotic promoter region

Eukaryotic Promoter Motifs and Gene Control

The eukaryotic promoter region is a stretch of DNA located upstream of a gene. It includes an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. These DNA signals help control when transcription begins. The promoter can be divided into proximal and distal regions. The proximal promoter lies close to the gene and includes cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the RNA polymerase binding site, and it is usually found...

co-activators and co-repressors

Chromatin Control in Gene Transcription

Chromatin control plays a major role in gene transcription in eukaryotes. Gene expression is regulated by several proteins that work together at a gene regulatory site. Some of these proteins bind directly to specific DNA sequences, while co-regulators attach to those regulators but do not bind DNA on their own. Co-regulators can act as co-activators or co-repressors, depending on the complex they join. One co-regulator may even switch roles in different settings. For example, the...

eukaryotic transcription activators

How Transcription Activators Turn Genes On

Transcription activators are proteins that help turn genes on by promoting transcription from DNA to RNA. They often have two parts. One part binds to DNA, and the other part activates transcription. In some proteins, such as the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD, one domain can do both jobs. The DNA-binding part recognizes specific regulatory sequences on the DNA. These binding domains are grouped into families based on their structure. Common examples include the leucine zipper, zinc finger,...

eukaryotic transcription inhibitors

How Eukaryotic Gene Repressors Work

Eukaryotic gene repressors help turn specific genes off when the cell needs to control growth, development, or other biochemical processes. These DNA-binding proteins regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Their presence at the right time and place can be triggered by hormones and signals from other cells. Most transcription inhibitors have two main parts. One part binds DNA, and the other is a repressor domain, which helps shut down transcription. Repressor domains can connect with basal...

combinatorial gene control

Gene Expression by Transcription Factor Combinations

Gene expression can depend on combinations of transcription factors working together. In combinatorial gene control, several transcription factors act in a coordinated way to regulate a single gene. If one or more of these factors are missing, the level of gene expression or repression can change a lot. This kind of control helps explain how a relatively small number of transcription factors can regulate a very large number of genes. More than 30,000 genes are controlled by about 2,000 to...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Cells into Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells are created by reprogramming mature cells back into a stem-cell state. This process shows that specialized cells can be changed into cells with broader developmental potential. The topic is important in biology because it links cell identity, gene control, and stem cell research. These cells begin as ordinary body cells and are pushed to de-differentiate, or lose their specialized features. After reprogramming, they behave like pluripotent stem cells, which means...

master transcription regulators

MEF2C and Gene Control Cascades

MEF2C is a master transcription regulator that controls gene expression in coordinated cascades. These regulators are proteins that manage the activity of multiple genes that often work together to produce a complex outcome. When a master transcription regulator is activated, it can start a chain of transcriptional activation that supports that outcome. Master transcription regulators can act in two main ways. They may bind directly to the regulatory sequences of several genes involved in a...

epigenetic regulation

Epigenetic regulation controls gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. It helps determine when genes are turned on or off in a cell. Two major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation and histone modification. DNA methylation adds chemical groups to DNA, while histone changes affect how tightly DNA is packed around histone proteins. These changes can make genes easier or harder to use. In high school biology, epigenetic regulation is important for understanding how cells with the...

genomic imprinting and inheritance

Genomic Imprinting in Human Disease

Genomic imprinting affects how some inherited genes are turned on or off in human cells. Diploid organisms inherit chromosomes from both parents, and each gene usually has two alleles. In most cases, both alleles are expressed. If one allele is missing or mutated, the other can often compensate, but some genes do not work that way. In genomic imprinting, a gene or its regulatory sequence carries chemical tags, such as methyl groups, on the copy inherited from only one parent. These tags are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how epigenetic regulation controls gene activity through DNA methylation and histone modification, and why these changes matter in cells.

DNA Methylation and Histone Changes | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core 分子生物学通过清晰简洁的动画视频课程展示了细胞的分子过程。此外，在科学家在行动的视频中，这些概念的应用是通过现代实验室中的真实实验演示的。

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DNA Methylation and Histone Changes

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