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方法文章

小鼠模型中尿路感染和导管相关尿路感染的建立与表征

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DOI:

10.3791/52892

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2015年6月23日

本文内容

勘误通知

Important: There has been an erratum issued for this article. View Erratum Notice

摘要

建立尿路感染(UTI)模型的能力对于理解细菌致病机制以及推动新型治疗方法的开发至关重要。本研究的目标是展示能够重现并预测人类中观察到的实验结果的小鼠实验性尿路感染模型以及导管相关性尿路感染模型。

摘要

尿路感染(UTI)极为常见,是导致发病率升高的重要原因,且对抗生素治疗的耐药性日益增强。女性患尿路感染的比例明显更高:一生中约有50%的女性会经历至少一次尿路感染。此外,在首次发生尿路感染的女性中,有20%至40%会经历复发,其中部分患者反复发作,严重影响生活质量,伴随疼痛与不适,干扰日常活动,增加医疗成本,且除长期使用抗生素预防外,治疗选择极为有限。尿致病性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,UPEC)是社区获得性尿路感染的主要致病菌。导管相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)是最常见的医院获得性感染,每年在美国发生约百万例,造成巨大的医疗负担。尽管UPEC也是CAUTI的主要致病因素,但其他病原体的重要性也逐渐上升,包括粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)。本文中,我们采用两种已建立的小鼠模型,这些模型可重现人类疾病的多种临床特征。对于尿路感染,C3H/HeN小鼠模型可模拟人类中观察到的UPEC毒力特征,包括宿主免疫反应、胞内细菌群(IBC)的形成以及细菌丝状化现象。对于CAUTI,采用C57BL/6小鼠的模型已被证实对粪肠球菌(E. faecalis)膀胱感染具有易感性,该模型可保留膀胱内的导管植入物。这些代表性模型正在被用于深入揭示尿路感染的发病机制,推动新型治疗方法以及疾病管理与预防策略的开发。

引言

尿路感染(UTIs)是最常见的细菌感染之一,根据感染获得机制可分为两类:社区获得性尿路感染和医院获得性尿路感染。社区获得性尿路感染通常发生在原本健康的女性中,研究表明,约50%的女性在一生中至少会经历一次尿路感染1。此外,复发是一个主要问题。即使接受了适当的抗生素治疗,初次急性感染后的女性在六个月内再次感染的概率仍高达25-40%,且许多女性会持续出现频繁复发2。导致这些感染的细菌对抗生素的耐药性也日益增强,进一步加剧了治疗方案的复杂性3-6。尿路感染每年影响数百万人,在美国每年与医疗相关的费用约为25亿美元,凸显了该疾病的广泛影响和高发病率1,7。医院获得性尿路感染主要与异物存在有关,例如留置导尿管。导管相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)仍是医院获得性尿路感染中最常见的类型,占此类感染的约70-80%8。此外,CAUTI与发病率和死亡率的升高相关,也是继发性血流感染最常见的原因9。

通常认为,与UPEC相关的社区获得性尿路感染是由胃肠道菌群作为储存库,通过性交过程中的机械性操作、卫生不良或其他宿主不同生态位之间的微生物群落动态变化,将细菌引入膀胱所致10。一旦进入膀胱,UPEC会利用多种毒力因子,包括荚膜、铁获取系统、毒素、毒力质粒、tRNA、致病岛以及定植因子,这些因子已被证实参与致病过程11-14。在UPEC定植的建立过程中,尤为关键的是其编码了多种粘附性伴侣-外膜孔道(CUP)菌毛,这些菌毛能够以立体化学特异性识别宿主受体15。UPEC表达的1型菌毛顶端带有FimH黏附素,可结合人和小鼠膀胱腔面表达的甘露糖基化尿斑蛋白16以及α-1, β-3整合素1718。FimH介导的这些相互作用有助于细菌对表层上皮细胞的定植和侵入19,20。进入细胞后,UPEC可逃逸至胞质中,单个细菌可迅速分裂形成胞内细菌群落(IBC),成熟后的IBC可包含约104个细菌21。IBC的形成已在至少六种不同的小鼠品系(C3H/HeN、C3H/HeJ、C57Bl/6、CBA、FVB/NJ和BALB/c)以及多种不同的UPEC菌株和其他肠杆菌科细菌中得到证实22-24。然而,IBC形成的时空特征可能因小鼠遗传背景和感染的UPEC菌株不同而有所差异。在用典型UPEC菌株UTI89或CFT073感染的C3H/HeN小鼠中,最早可在感染后3小时(hpi)观察到微小的细菌生物量,即IBC的形成。该细菌群落持续扩张,在感染后约6小时达到发育的“中期”阶段,此时杆状细菌占据终末分化的表层伞状细胞大部分胞质空间。早期IBC的形成相对同步,大多数具有相似的尺寸和形态。约在感染后8小时,IBC内的细菌由杆菌形态转变为球菌形态。IBC具有短暂性,因此在感染后12至18小时的成熟过程中,细菌数量持续增加,随后发生丝状化并从细胞中扩散,继而传播至邻近细胞23。因此,IBC这一生态位为细菌提供了免受宿主免疫反应和抗生素影响的保护环境,支持其快速增殖25。在小鼠中观察到的UPEC感染各个明确阶段(如IBC形成和丝状化)也在人类中被发现,这支持了尿路感染的小鼠模型是一种有益工具,可用于模拟人类尿路感染22,26-28。

尽管大多数女性在一生中都会经历一次尿路感染(UTI),但这些感染的临床表现可从无复发的急性自限性感染,到频繁复发性膀胱炎不等。此外,研究已表明尿路感染具有明显的家族聚集性,提示遗传因素在尿路感染易感性中起重要作用。 29我们发现,临床中观察到的不同尿路感染(UTI)结局,可在近交系小鼠中实验性尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC)感染的不同结局中得到重现。 30例如,C3H/HeN、CBA、DBA 和 C3H/HeOuJ 小鼠对持久性、慢性的膀胱炎易感,其特征是持续存在高滴度的细菌,且感染程度呈剂量依赖性>104 菌落形成单位(CFU)/ml,安乐死时膀胱内细菌载量高 >感染后4周(wpi),出现慢性炎症和尿路上皮坏死。这些小鼠在感染后24小时内血清中IL-6、G-CSF、KC和IL-5水平升高,可作为慢性膀胱炎发展的生物标志物。这一模型可能准确地反映了部分女性尿路感染的自然病程,因为安慰剂研究表明,若未接受抗生素治疗,大量出现膀胱炎症状的女性在首次症状出现后数周内尿液中仍会持续存在高水平的细菌。 31,32此外,利用C3H/HeN小鼠,我们发现慢性膀胱炎病史是随后发生严重反复感染的重要危险因素。反复性尿路感染(UTI)是尿路感染最主要的临床表现,而目前C3H/HeN小鼠是唯一被研究证实能在既往暴露后表现出易感性增加的动物模型。在C57Bl/6小鼠中可重现尿路感染的另一种结局:急性尿道致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC)感染具有自限性,膀胱炎症和菌尿通常在约一周内消退。有趣的是,在该模型中,UPEC可在膀胱组织内迅速形成静息态的胞内储存库,这些储存库中的UPEC能够从休眠状态重新激活,再次引发活动性尿路感染,这可能解释了人类同菌株反复性尿路感染的一种机制。 33,34.

除了遗传因素对尿路感染易感性的影响外,将导管插入膀胱会显著增加感染发生的风险,并扩大可引起感染的细菌种类范围。已有研究表明,人体膀胱导尿会因机械应力引发膀胱组织发生组织学和免疫学改变,导致强烈的炎症反应、上皮细胞脱落、固有层及黏膜下层水肿、尿路上皮变薄,以及尿路上皮和肾脏的黏膜损伤35,36。此外,导管表面为细菌附着提供了场所,从而形成多种病原体引发导管相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)的有利环境。尽管尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC)仍是主要致病菌,但粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)占此类CAUTI病例的15%37。E. faecalis 对抗生素的耐药性日益增强,尤其是出现对万古霉素的耐药性,已成为严重的公共卫生问题38。E. faecalis 携带多种毒力因子,包括毒素和黏附素,这些因子对其在导管和上皮细胞表面的黏附至关重要38。在导尿过程中,宿主尿路系统易受微生物黏附、增殖和播散的影响39,40。E. faecalis 可在导管表面形成生物膜,作为其在膀胱中持续定植并播散至肾脏的机制,这一过程已在小鼠CAUTI模型中得到重现41。最近研究发现,在导尿过程中,纤维蛋白原(Fg)作为炎症反应的一部分被释放到膀胱中。Fg在膀胱内积聚并包被导管表面,是E. faecalis生物膜形成所必需的黏附支架。在C57BL/6小鼠CAUTI模型中,我们发现E. faecalis在导管上的生物膜形成及其在膀胱中的持续定植依赖于Ebp菌毛,尤其是其顶端黏附素EbpA。我们发现EbpA的N端结构域可特异性结合包被在导管表面的Fg。此外,研究还发现E. faecalis在感染过程中可利用Fg作为代谢底物,从而促进生物膜的形成42。

小鼠模型已被证实对于理解以及预测尿路感染(UTI)和导管相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)的临床表现至关重要41。本文中,我们展示了用于膀胱炎大肠杆菌(UPEC)分离株UTI89的接种物制备方法,以及对C3H/HeN小鼠进行经尿道接种的操作。此外,我们还展示了一种在C57BL/6小鼠中插入导管并接种粪肠球菌(E. faecalis)OG1RF菌株的实验方案。这两种技术均可在小鼠中稳定且可靠地诱导出尿路感染或导管相关性尿路感染。我们还展示了用于观察急性膀胱炎期间胞内细菌群落(IBC)形成的技术,以及尿液采集方法,用于慢性或复发性膀胱炎的分析。C3H/HeN小鼠已被广泛用于研究UPEC致病过程中的多个方面,包括细菌的初始侵袭、IBC的形成、丝状化以及慢性膀胱炎的发展23,33,43。这些毒力相关表型也在多种其他遗传背景的小鼠模型中得到了研究22,33。对于CAUTI模型,C57BL/6小鼠可实现将异物植入膀胱,并随后发生细菌定植,该状态可在感染后维持达7天41。这些模型已被广泛用于评估细菌的毒力机制、宿主对尿路感染的免疫应答,以及细菌逃避免疫应答的机制,其中许多发现已在临床人群研究中得到验证或观察到。

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方案

伦理声明:所有小鼠感染实验和操作均经华盛顿大学动物研究委员会批准,属于协议编号20150226的一部分,该协议有效期至2018年12月10日。动物的整体护理符合美国国家研究委员会发布的《实验动物护理与使用指南》以及美国农业部动物护理资源指南的要求。安乐死操作符合《美国兽医协会动物安乐死指南(2013年版)》的规定。

1. 尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC)尿路感染实验方案,接种针制备(图S1)

  1. 取下30 G针头的帽。将约1英寸长的PE10导管套入针杆上。将针组件在紫外线下灭菌过夜。导管针可无限期保存在无菌培养皿中。

2. 尿路致病性大肠杆菌细菌接种物的制备

  1. 准备UTI89接种物(在接种日前72小时开始)
    1. 从冻存菌种中将UTI89划线接种至LB(Luria-Bertani)琼脂平板上,于37 °C过夜培养。挑取单菌落,接种于125 ml三角瓶中的10 ml LB液体培养基中,于37 °C静置培养24小时。
    2. 取10 µl过夜培养物,接种至新的125 ml三角瓶中的10 ml LB液体培养基中,于37 °C继续静置培养24小时。
    3. 取3 ml培养物(具体体积根据菌株和所需接种量调整)转移至无菌的1.5 ml离心管中,以7,000 × g离心3分钟,弃上清,用1×PBS重悬沉淀,再次离心。将菌体沉淀重悬于1 ml 1×PBS中。
  2. 测定细菌的光密度值,并将浓度调整至所需接种浓度。常规使用的接种浓度为107个细菌;但具体数值可根据实验设计进行调整。

3. 细菌接种

  1. 用70%乙醇清洁工作台,并铺上吸水纸(或使用无菌操作台)。
  2. 将最多0.9 ml的制备好的细菌接种物吸入1 ml(TB)注射器中(去除气泡)。将已准备好的无菌接种针通过PE10导管连接至含有接种物的注射器,然后无菌修剪聚乙烯导管。
    注意:在针尖上方保留1 mm导管,以避免刺破膀胱。
  3. 剪取一块1英寸见方的Parafilm膜,在其表面涂上一小滴外科润滑剂(约硬币大小)。
  4. 将雌性C3H/HeN小鼠放入麻醉诱导室(按照仪器制造商的方案)进行麻醉,直至小鼠失去意识但仍保持正常呼吸(1次/秒)。
    注意:部分IACUC委员会不批准使用麻醉诱导室。请遵循您所在机构IACUC委员会的规定。
    警告:异氟烷为吸入性麻醉剂,应在通风良好的环境中使用,并尽量减少吸入。
  5. 将小鼠从麻醉诱导室中取出,仰卧于纸巾上,分开其后肢。
  6. 将鼻式麻醉罩(连接至麻醉机的导管,可提供受控剂量的异氟烷,部分麻醉机配备此装置)覆盖于小鼠鼻部,以维持麻醉状态。
  7. 轻柔按压膀胱以诱导排尿,确保膀胱排空。用100%乙醇棉片擦拭尿道周围区域。将接种针/注射器的针尖部分轻轻蘸入外科润滑剂中。
  8. 通过经尿道插入接种针约12 mm,向每只小鼠接种50 µl细菌溶液,缓慢推动注射器活塞,以约10 µl/秒的速度将接种物轻柔注入膀胱。接种完成后,将接种针从小鼠体内取出。
    注意:若开始接种时即在尿道口观察到接种液返流,提示接种针插入不当或未完全插入。
  9. 将小鼠移离鼻式麻醉罩,并放回笼中。对每只小鼠重复步骤3.3–3.8。当更换接种物条件或菌株时,应将注射器和接种针丢弃至经批准的锐器容器中,并重新执行步骤3.2。
    注意:使用尿路致病性微生物接种通常不会引起严重疼痛症状。然而,在极少数情况下,给予高剂量病原体可能导致发热、摄食和饮水减少以及异常行为。实验期间应持续监测动物健康状况。若出现明显疼痛症状,可给予镇痛剂(如皮下注射布托啡诺,剂量0.05−0.1 mg/kg)。所有操作应符合各机构IACUC的规定。

4. 细菌载量的测定

  1. 为每只待采集的小鼠膀胱和肾脏分别准备独立的5 ml离心管。每管每只小鼠膀胱加入1 ml 1× PBS。每管每对小鼠肾脏加入0.8 ml 1× PBS。标记每根离心管以对应相应小鼠。准备一个96孔板,每孔加入180 µl 1× PBS,用于1:10系列稀释。
  2. 用70%乙醇清洁工作区域,并在工作台上铺上吸水垫或纸巾。
  3. 使用异氟烷麻醉小鼠(参见步骤 3.4),直至小鼠停止呼吸约1分钟,然后将其放置在吸水垫或纸巾上。其他安乐死方法也获得IACUC委员会认可,例如二氧化碳,可替代异氟烷过量使用。
  4. 通过快速颈椎脱位处死小鼠,操作方法为固定头部基部的颈部,并将尾巴水平向外拉,直至颈椎脱位发生。
    注意:大多数IACUC委员会要求采用二次安乐死手段,颈椎脱位是一种常用方法。但若经IACUC委员会批准,也可使用其他方法。
  5. 将死亡小鼠仰卧放置,并在其腹部喷洒70%乙醇。解剖小鼠,按顺序采集膀胱和肾脏,以尽量减少肾脏解剖后血液可能造成的污染。将器官分别放入已准备好的含1× PBS的5 ml离心管中(参见步骤4.1)。
    注意:用于体表解剖和器官采集的剪刀应分开使用,以尽量减少污染。
  6. 轻弹离心管,确保器官已浸入1× PBS中。对每只小鼠重复步骤4.3–4.5。每次操作后,用70%乙醇清洁剪刀和镊子。

5. 细菌回收

  1. 使用组织匀浆器在5 ml离心管中匀浆收获的膀胱和肾脏,每个肾脏匀浆15秒,每个膀胱匀浆30秒。样品之间依次用1×PBS、70%乙醇和1×PBS冲洗匀浆器。
  2. 将样品进行连续1:10梯度稀释至10-8,取各稀释度涂布于LB琼脂平板,用于菌落形成单位(CFU)计数。37 °C过夜培养平板,次日计数菌落。

6. IBC 细胞计数

  1. 无菌条件下取出膀胱,并将其置于含1x PBS的6孔板中,孔板底部为硅胶材质。可通过硅胶弹性体试剂盒制备该板,向每孔中倒入约1 cm厚的硅胶,具体操作请参见制造商说明书。用剪刀将膀胱沿中线剪开成两半。
  2. 使用小型金属针轻轻将膀胱展开,使膀胱腔面朝上。务必把针固定在膀胱组织的最外缘,以确保最大程度暴露尿路上皮。
  3. 展开后,用1x PBS轻轻冲洗膀胱一次,然后用移液器吸除PBS。加入足量的3%多聚甲醛,完全覆盖展开的膀胱进行固定。注意:多聚甲醛具有致癌性,操作时必须始终佩戴手套等适当防护装备,废弃物处理应遵循所在机构的相关规定。
  4. 室温孵育1小时,随后吸除多聚甲醛溶液,用1x PBS洗涤一次。
  5. 用LacZ洗涤液(含2 mM MgCl2、0.01%脱氧胆酸钠和0.02% Nonidet-P40的1x PBS)洗涤三次,每次5分钟。
  6. 吸除洗涤液,加入足量LacZ染色液(9.5 ml LacZ洗涤液、0.4 ml 25 mg/ml X-gal和0.1 ml 100 mM铁氰化钾/亚铁氰化钾)以覆盖膀胱组织。避光,30 °C过夜孵育。
  7. 从孵箱中取出展开的膀胱,使用解剖显微镜在40–60倍放大下观察,可见呈蓝色点状的IBC(胞内细菌群落)。
    注意:有时小鼠在将导管插入尿道前已排尿。此时,应等待15–20分钟后再尝试收集尿液。

7. 用于细菌尿CFU计数的尿液采集(不适用于导管相关性尿路感染)

  1. 在感染前或感染后收集尿液时,轻轻抓住小鼠尾巴,将其置于平坦的 elevated 表面(如小鼠笼顶部),以轻柔地固定小鼠。
  2. 将一支无菌的 1.5 ml 离心管置于小鼠尿道下方。轻轻按压小鼠尾部附近的背部,对膀胱施加压力,用 1.5 ml 离心管收集排出的尿液。
  3. 将尿液进行连续 10 倍系列稀释至 10-7,并将每个稀释度接种于适当的 LB 培养基平板上。于 37 °C 过夜培养平板,次日计数菌落。

8. CAUTI 模型方案,CAUTI 模型导管针头制备(图 S2)

  1. 取下30 G针头的帽。剪取一段7 mm的PE10导管和一段5 mm的硅胶导管(如RenaSIL)。将PE10导管穿入针头,直至导管接触针头基部。
  2. 然后将5 mm的硅胶导管套入已装有PE10导管的针头。将针头组件在紫外线下灭菌过夜。
    注意:安装硅胶导管时,应使其末端超出针尖约1 mm。

9. E. faecalis OG1RF 细菌接种物的制备

  1. 在接种日前48小时开始准备OG1RF菌种。从冻存菌种中将OG1RF划线接种至BHI(脑心浸液)琼脂平板上。
  2. 挑取单个菌落,接种至10 ml BHI培养基中,在37 °C静置培养18小时。离心培养物,并用1 ml无菌1×PBS重悬菌体沉淀,洗涤3次。
  3. 将细菌沉淀重悬于1×PBS中。测定细菌的光密度值,并调整浓度至所需接种量。常规使用的接种浓度为107;但可根据实验设计进行调整。

10. 导管植入

  1. 使用70%乙醇清洁工作台,并用吸水垫覆盖操作区域(或使用无菌超净台)。
  2. 将导管针连接至一个空的1 ml(TB)注射器上。剪下一寸见方的Parafilm膜,在其表面滴加一滴外科润滑剂(约硬币大小)。
    注意:导管植入和接种物注入使用两种不同的针头,以减少因导管植入过程中机械操作而导致的意外接种风险。此方法还可减少所需接种针头的数量,操作更便捷。
  3. 将C57BL/6小鼠放入一个32盎司的玻璃罐中,罐内放置一个装有浸透3 ml异氟烷的棉球的茶滤器球,或使用麻醉机蒸气室(按照制造商的操作规程),直至小鼠失去意识但仍保持正常呼吸(每秒1次呼吸)。
  4. 然后将小鼠仰卧于纸巾上,展开其四肢。用鼻罩或装有少量异氟烷(约1–2 ml)浸湿棉球的50 ml锥形管覆盖小鼠鼻部。
    警告:异氟烷为吸入性麻醉剂,应在通风良好的环境中使用,并尽量减少研究人员的吸入暴露。
  5. 轻柔按压膀胱以诱导排尿,确保膀胱排空。用100%乙醇擦拭纸巾擦拭尿道周围区域。
  6. 使用棉签蘸取10%聚维酮碘溶液对尿道周围区域进行消毒。将接种针/注射器针尖朝下轻蘸外科润滑剂。
    注意:导管植入使用聚维酮碘,因其为比乙醇更强效的无菌消毒液。导管植入需更多机械操作以插入导管,因此污染风险更高。
  7. 将导管插入尿道口。插入后,使用镊子将(7 mm PE10)长段向膀胱方向推进,从而推动(5 mm硅胶)短导管并将其留置于膀胱内。立即拔出针头,此时7 mm导管仍附着于针头。

11. 细菌接种

  1. 按照第3节中的细菌接种方案,使用第9节制备的接种物进行操作。将小鼠从鼻罩中取出,并放回其笼中

12. 在每个处死时间点

  1. 为膀胱和肾脏准备5 ml离心管(器官处理请遵循步骤4.1),为导管准备1.5 ml离心管。向用于导管样本的1.5 ml离心管中加入1 ml 1×PBS
  2. 执行步骤4.3至4.5。解剖小鼠,取出膀胱、肾脏和导管,将组织分别放入含有1×PBS的5 ml离心管中,导管则放入1.5 ml离心管中(见步骤12.1)。
    注意:用于体表解剖和器官采集及导管取出的剪刀应分开使用,以尽量减少污染
  3. 然后执行步骤4.6。

13. 细菌回收

  1. 对于器官,执行步骤 5.1 和 5.2。对于导管中的细菌回收,先以最大速度涡旋振荡 30 秒,然后使用水浴超声仪对导管样本超声处理 5 分钟,再以最大速度涡旋振荡额外 30 秒。
  2. 进行 1:10 的系列稀释至 10-8,并将每个稀释度接种于 BHI 平板上以进行菌落形成单位(CFU)计数。将平板在 37 ºC 下孵育过夜,次日计数菌落。

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结果

非复杂性和导管相关性尿路感染的膀胱内模型为阐明细菌致病的分子机制、这些疾病对宿主组织的影响,以及开发和测试管理这些常见且高成本感染的新方法提供了灵活的平台。根据小鼠品系和病原体的不同,膀胱内接种可用于研究宿主-病原体相互作用,以阐明启动或调节急性感染所必需的因素图1 和 3),慢性或复发性(图2)膀胱炎。所示数据在 图1 代表典型尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC)膀胱炎分离株UTI89在急性期(24 hpi)对尿路的定植情况 44接种后,让感染在小鼠体内发展24小时,随后处死小鼠并匀浆膀胱和肾脏组织。将组织匀浆液进行系列稀释后涂布平板,以计数定植细菌。在某些小鼠品系(尤其是C3H/HeN)中,可建立并维持慢性尿路致病性大肠杆菌(UPEC)定植及膀胱炎症,其建立依赖于感染剂量和尿路致病菌的种类。慢性膀胱炎定义为持续性高滴度菌尿(>104 CFU/ml)、膀胱炎症及高滴度细菌性膀胱负荷(>104 CFU/膀胱)在处死时 33...

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讨论

单纯性社区获得性尿路感染是一种常见且治疗成本较高的感染,每年导致数百万例初级医疗就诊46。此外,导管相关性尿路感染(CAUTI)是一种常见的医疗机构获得性感染,由于美国医疗保险和医疗补助服务中心不再为因医院内获得性CAUTI所增加的治疗费用向医疗机构提供补偿,因此给医疗服务系统带来了巨大的经济负担45。本方案中描述的尿路感染小鼠模型,包括单纯性膀胱炎和导管相关性尿路感染模型,为深入理解宿主与病原体之间在启动、维持及调控多种类型尿路感染过程中所必需的分子机制提供了不可替代的研究工具。这些模型使得研究人员能够应用强大的细菌遗传学和小鼠遗传学、免疫学、显微成像、生物化学以及化学生物学等技术手段对尿路感染进行系统分析23,47-49。此外,本文所述的实验方案还为开发和测试新型治疗及预防策略提供了平台,包括细菌毒力的小分子抑制剂、以及新的疫苗靶点和免疫策略50-55。

成功应用单纯性膀胱炎模型必须维持若干关键条件。与所有小鼠麻醉操作一样,需谨慎操作以防止因麻醉过量导致小鼠死亡。在制备接种导管时,硅胶管的长...

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披露

作者声明不存在任何竞争性经济利益。

致谢

本工作的资助来自 ORWH SCOR P50 DK064540、RO1 DK 051406、RO1 AI 108749-01、F32 DK 101171 和 F32 DK 104516-01。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
导管和针头制备材料:
30 G 针头BD Precision Glide30510630 G x ½ (0.3 mm x 13 mm)
PE10 聚乙烯导管BD427400内径 -0.011 英寸 (0.28 mm);外径 – 0.024 英寸 (0.61 mm)
RenaSIL 025 铂固化硅胶导管Braintree Scientific, IncSIL 025内径 0.012 英寸 × 外径 0.025 英寸,25 英尺线圈
感染实验材料:
异氟烷 – IsothesiaButler Schein29405250 ml
透明直壁玻璃罐Kimble Chase5413289V 21
不锈钢茶叶过滤器Schefs-AmazonSchefs 品牌优质散装茶叶过滤器 - 不锈钢 - 大容量 -
非无菌棉球Fisherbrand22-456-880
50 ml Falcon 管VWR89039-660
Isotec 3 - 蒸发器Ohmeda1224478
耳标打孔器Fisher Scientific13-812-201(必要时使用)
聚维酮碘溶液Betadine solution10% 聚维酮碘外用溶液
棉签Fisher Scientific22-037-9246 英寸
实验台用垫巾Fisherbrand14206 63吸水垫(20” × 36” 垫子)
外科润滑剂Surgilube0281-0205-36
解剖剪刀Fine Science tools, INC14084-08
微型 Adson 镊子Fine Science tools, INC11018-12
1 ml 注射器BD309659结核菌素滑动接头
Parafilm 封口膜BemisPM9964 英寸 × 125 英尺
Eppendorf 管架Fisherbrand05-541-1
Eppendorf 管MIDSCIAVX-T-17-C
导管、膀胱和肾脏采集材料:
匀浆器PRO Scientific INCBio-Gen Pro 200
5 ml 聚丙烯圆底管BD352063用于器官匀浆
纸巾Georgia-Pacific
乙醇Pharmco-AAPER11100020S200 proof
Costar™ 透明聚苯乙烯 96 孔板Corning3788
1× 磷酸钠盐缓冲液Sigma-AldrichP3813
BRANSONIC 超声波清洗机 1210Branson Ultrasonics Corporation1210
IBC 实验材料:
6 孔组织培养板Techno Plastic Products92006
固定针Fine Science Tools26002-20
Sylgard 184Dow Corning3097358-1004硅橡胶试剂盒
X-gal(5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚基-β-D-半乳糖苷)Invitrogen15520-034超纯
N,N-二甲基甲酰胺Sigma AldrichD4551
MgCl2(氯化镁)Sigma AldrichM8266
脱氧胆酸钠Sigma AldrichD6750
Nonidet-P40Roche11754599001辛基酚聚乙二醇醚
六氰合铁(II)酸钾三水合物(亚铁氰化钾)Sigma AldrichP3289
六氰合铁(III)酸钾(铁氰化钾)Sigma Aldrich60299

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重印与许可

勘误


Formal Correction: Erratum: Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model
Posted by JoVE Editors on 8/18/2017. Citeable Link.

An erratum was issued for: Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model. The Protocol section has been updated.

The ethics statement has been updated from:

Ethics statement: The Washington University Animal Studies Committee approved all mouse infections and procedures as part of protocol number 20120216, which was approved 01/11/2013 and expires 01/11/2016. Overall care of the animals was consistent with The guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the National Research Council and the USDA Animal Care Resource Guide. Euthanasia procedures are consistent with the “AVMA guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals 2013 edition.”

to:

Ethics statement: The Washington University Animal Studies Committee approved all mouse infections and procedures as part of protocol number 20150226, which expires 12/10/2018. Overall care of the animals was consistent with The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the National Research Council and the USDA Animal Care Resource Guide. Euthanasia procedures are consistent with the “AVMA guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals 2013 edition.”

Step 3 has been updated from:

3. Bacterial Inoculation

  1. Clean the workstation with 70% ethanol and cover area with absorbent paper (or use sterile flow hood).
  2. Draw up to 0.9 ml of the prepared bacterial inoculum into a 1 ml (TB) syringe (remove air bubbles). Attach a prepared sterile inoculation needle with PE10 tubing, onto the syringe containing the inoculum, then sterilely trim the polyethylene tubing.
    NOTE: Leave 1 mm of tubing above the tip of the needle to avoid puncturing the bladder.
  3. Cut a 1 inch square piece of parafilm and put a dab of surgical lubricant (approximately the size of a dime) on top.
  4. Anesthetize female C3H/HeN mice by putting them in a 32 ounce glass jar containing a tea-infuser ball with cotton balls soaked with 3 ml of isoflurane or vaporizer chamber (following manufactures protocol) until unconscious but still breathing normally (1 breath/sec).
    NOTE: Some IACUC committees do not approve the use of a jar or vaporizer. Please follow the indication of the IACUC committee of your institution.
    NOTE: If glass jar with tea-ball and/or nose cone with isoflurane-soakd cotton balls are used, the animal must be carefully observed to avoid anesthetic overdose and death. The advantage of using a vaporizer and anesthesia chamber is that it provides controlled isoflurane administration that avoids accidental overdoses. CAUTION: Isoflurane is an inhalation anesthetic. Use in a well-ventilated area and minimize inhalation.
  5. Remove the mouse from the jar/vaporizer and place it on its back on a paper towel and spread the legs.
  6. Cover the nose of the mouse with a nose cone (a tube connected to the vaporizer that provides a controlled isoflurance dose that comes equipped on some vaporizer units) or 50 ml conical tube with a cotton ball containing a small amount (approximately 1-2 ml) of isoflurane.
  7. Gently palpitate the bladder to induce urination and ensure a voided bladder. Wipe the periurethral area with 100% ethanol wipe. Dab the inoculation needle/syringe, point first, into the surgical lubricant.
  8. Inoculate each mouse with 50 µl of the bacteria solution by inserting the inoculation needle transurethrally, approximately 12 mm, and pressing down on the syringe plunger gently to dispense the inoculum into the bladder gently (10 µl/sec). Remove the inoculation needle from the mouse.
    NOTE: Immediate return of inoculum at the urethral opening when beginning to inoculate indicates improper or incomplete insertion of the needle.
  9. Remove the mouse from nose cone and return it to its cage. Repeat steps 3.3-3.8 for each mouse. When/if switching inoculum conditions/strains, dispose of the syringe and inoculation needle in an approved sharps container and start again step 3.2.  
    NOTE: Inoculation with uropathogenic organisms generally does not cause severe pain symptoms. However, in rare instances, administering large doses of pathogens may cause fever, reduction in food and water intake and abnormal behavior. Animal health should be monitored throughout the experiment. If overt pain symptoms are notice, an analgesic, such as Buprenorphine (0.05−0.1 mg/kg given subcutaneously), can be applied. Procedures should be in accordance with each institution’s IACUC.

to:

3. Bacterial Inoculation

  1. Clean the workstation with 70% ethanol and cover area with absorbent paper (or use sterile flow hood).
  2. Draw up to 0.9 ml of the prepared bacterial inoculum into a 1 ml (TB) syringe (remove air bubbles). Attach a prepared sterile inoculation needle with PE10 tubing, onto the syringe containing the inoculum, then sterilely trim the polyethylene tubing.
    NOTE: Leave 1 mm of tubing above the tip of the needle to avoid puncturing the bladder.
  3. Cut a 1 inch square piece of parafilm and put a dab of surgical lubricant (approximately the size of a dime) on top.
  4. Anesthetize female C3H/HeN mice by putting them in a vaporizer chamber (following manufactures protocol) until unconscious but still breathing normally (1 breath/sec).
    NOTE: Some IACUC committees do not approve the use of a vaporizer. Please follow the indication of the IACUC committee of your institution.
    CAUTION: Isoflurane is an inhalation anesthetic. Use in a well-ventilated area and minimize inhalation.
  5. Remove the mouse from the vaporizer and place it on its back on a paper towel and spread the legs.
  6. Cover the nose of the mouse with a nose cone (a tube connected to the vaporizer that provides a controlled isoflurance dose that comes equipped on some vaporizer units) to maintain anesthetization.
  7. Gently palpitate the bladder to induce urination and ensure a voided bladder. Wipe the periurethral area with 100% ethanol wipe. Dab the inoculation needle/syringe, point first, into the surgical lubricant.
  8. Inoculate each mouse with 50 µl of the bacteria solution by inserting the inoculation needle transurethrally, approximately 12 mm, and pressing down on the syringe plunger gently to dispense the inoculum into the bladder gently (10 µl/sec). Remove the inoculation needle from the mouse.
    NOTE: Immediate return of inoculum at the urethral opening when beginning to inoculate indicates improper or incomplete insertion of the needle.
  9. Remove the mouse from nose cone and return it to its cage. Repeat steps 3.3-3.8 for each mouse. When/if switching inoculum conditions/strains, dispose of the syringe and inoculation needle in an approved sharps container and start again step 3.2.  
    NOTE: Inoculation with uropathogenic organisms generally does not cause severe pain symptoms. However, in rare instances, administering large doses of pathogens may cause fever, reduction in food and water intake and abnormal behavior. Animal health should be monitored throughout the experiment. If overt pain symptoms are notice, an analgesic, such as Buprenorphine (0.05−0.1 mg/kg given subcutaneously), can be applied. Procedures should be in accordance with each institution’s IACUC.

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尿路感染导管相关性尿路感染细菌接种量膀胱内接种菌落形成单位计数胞内细菌群落形成膀胱采集导管植入尿致病性大肠杆菌