方法文章

急性肾损伤研究中双侧肾缺血-再灌注小鼠模型的技术优化

DOI:

10.3791/63957

2023年11月3日

本文内容

摘要

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本研究建立了一种针对双侧肾缺血-再灌注小鼠模型的技术优化方案,用于急性肾损伤研究。

摘要

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心脏骤停对公共卫生构成了重大负担。急性肾损伤(AKI)是心肺复苏成功、自主循环恢复(ROSC)后心脏骤停幸存者中的不良预后标志。相反,AKI后肾功能的恢复是神经功能良好预后和出院的预测指标。然而,目前尚缺乏有效干预措施以预防心脏骤停ROSC后所致的肾脏损伤,提示需要开发额外的治疗策略。肾灌注不足和再灌注是导致心脏骤停后发生AKI的两个病理生理机制。双侧肾脏缺血-再灌注诱导的急性肾损伤(IR-AKI)动物模型在临床环境中与ROSC后发生AKI的患者具有可比性。然而,由于该模型具有高死亡率以及肾损伤程度变异较大,双侧肾脏IR-AKI在技术上难以进行分析,可能影响实验结果的解读。通过选择体重较轻的小鼠,在异氟烷全身麻醉下采用背外侧手术入路,并在术中维持体温,可减少组织损伤,从而建立一种可重复的急性肾IR-AKI研究方案。

引言

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心脏骤停在美国每年发生超过8万例1,2。心脏骤停的死亡率极高3,4,5,6。急性肾损伤(AKI)是与心脏骤停患者在自主循环恢复(ROSC)后高死亡率及不良神经功能预后密切相关的重要危险因素7,8,9,10,11,12,13。AKI的恢复是患者良好神经功能预后及顺利出院的有效预测指标14,15,16。然而,目前仍缺乏针对缺血-再灌注所致急性肾损伤(IR-AKI)的有效治疗手段15,16,17,18,19。需要开发更多治疗策略,以进一步改善该疾病的临床预后。

采用双侧肾缺血方法的肾缺血-再灌注急性肾损伤(IR-AKI)是急性肾损伤(AKI)研究中常用的动物模型之一20,21,22,23,24,25,26。与用于研究心肺复苏后自主循环恢复(ROSC)患者发生AKI的全身性缺血-再灌注损伤模型相比,肾IR-AKI动物模型更为简单6,27,28,29,30。这意味着由于实验中混杂因素较少,肾IR-AKI动物模型更容易获得一致的结果。此外,肾IR-AKI实验方案通常包括单侧或双侧肾蒂阻断。双侧肾IR-AKI实验条件与成功心肺复苏后发生心脏骤停的患者在ROSC后出现AKI的临床情况具有可比性。尽管两种模型的肾脏病理特征均能反映人类肾缺血-再灌注损伤的病理特征31,32,33,但双侧肾缺血方法更贴近人类病理状态下(如心力衰竭、血管收缩和脓毒性休克)的AKI情况35。因此,双侧肾IR-AKI动物模型适用于研究心脏骤停后ROSC阶段的肾缺血-再灌注损伤。

双侧肾缺血-再灌注急性肾损伤(IR-AKI)模型存在技术难度高、实验复杂以及手术时间长等问题23,26,32,33,35,36。为克服这些技术难题,本研究通过若干技术改进,建立了一种可靠的小鼠双侧IR-AKI研究方案。该方案可显著减少手术并发症、减轻组织损伤,并降低术中死亡率。因此,该模型可用于研究心肺复苏后急性肾损伤的病理生理过程,进而开发针对肾脏低灌注及再灌注损伤的新型治疗策略37,38,39

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方案

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所有动物实验均按照 实验动物护理和使用的指南,由美国国立卫生研究院(NIH出版物编号85-23,1996年修订版)发布。本研究方案经辅仁天主教大学机构动物照护与使用委员会批准,并遵循其指导方针。参见 材料表 有关本方案中使用的所有材料和仪器的详细信息。

1. 小鼠的准备

  1. 选取8周龄的C57BL/6雄性小鼠,体重为21–23 g。
  2. 将小鼠饲养在温度受控(21 ± 2 °C)、12小时光照/12小时黑暗循环的环境中,可自由摄取食物、标准小鼠饲料颗粒和自来水。

2. 麻醉

  1. 戴上外科口罩和无菌手套。
  2. 在诱导室中使用2%异氟烷与氧气以1 L/min的流速混合,使小鼠进入麻醉状态。
  3. 通过足底反射评估麻醉深度。
    ​注意:足底反射是指用力捏压后肢脚趾时后肢足部的回缩反应。当足底反射消失时,表明麻醉已完全生效。
  4. 待麻醉完全后,将每只小鼠移至带有电热毯的手术平台,使其呈俯卧位,以维持体温。术前应稳定体温,并使用直肠温度探头进行监测。 在双眼涂抹眼用软膏,防止角膜干燥。
  5. 用胶带将小鼠的四肢固定在手术板上。
  6. 将麻醉面罩固定于小鼠面部,持续供给1%异氟烷和1 L/min氧气。
  7. 在手术过程中定期通过足底反射评估麻醉深度,并根据情况调整麻醉剂的供给。

3. 双侧肾缺血-再灌注急性肾损伤手术

  1. 用手触摸小鼠背部,手动定位其腰椎。沿脊柱向头部方向移动,寻找位于小鼠最后一根肋骨两侧下方的肋椎角。
  2. 在双侧肋脊角区域涂抹脱毛乳液,约30秒后用生理盐水清除毛发。
  3. 消毒剃毛后的皮肤 经过三轮 聚维酮碘溶液和75%酒精,使用棉球。
    注意:在整个手术过程中保持无菌区域至关重要。使用手术巾覆盖并采用无菌器械。
  4. 使用精细尖头镊子轻轻提起左侧肋脊角下方的皮肤,然后使用剪刀 沿左侧腰部脊柱中线处的皮肤张力线做一条1 cm长的斜向背外侧切口。使用剪刀切开左侧腰部的肌壁,以暴露左肾。
  5. 重复上述手术步骤以暴露右侧肾脏。使用无菌棉签清除手术过程中产生的少量血液。
  6. 用镊子小心地将左肾从周围组织中推开并分离。暴露左肾后,辨认肾蒂。
    注意:务必小心,避免损伤肾上腺及其周围血管。
  7. 用微血管夹夹闭左侧肾蒂25分钟。通过观察肾脏颜色由粉红色变为暗红色来确认缺血。
  8. 用无菌生理盐水浸湿的棉球覆盖夹闭的肾脏,以避免左肾蒂夹闭期间肾脏干燥。
  9. 重复上述手术操作,使用微血管夹夹闭右侧肾蒂25分钟。
  10. 用无菌生理盐水浸湿的棉球覆盖已夹闭的肾脏,以防止在右肾蒂夹闭期间肾脏干燥。
  11. 定期监测麻醉深度及无菌生理盐水浸湿的棉球的湿度。
  12. 打开左侧微血管夹,开始左肾再灌注。通过观察左肾颜色由暗红色变为粉红色来确认再灌注成功。
  13. 打开右侧微血管夹,以启动右肾的再灌注。
  14. 确认肾脏颜色变化后,将肾脏放回腹腔。
  15. 使用6-0可吸收缝合线缝合腹腔和皮肤。
  16. 使用棉球蘸取碘伏溶液和75%酒精擦拭伤口以进行消毒。
  17. 仔细观察动物,直到它开始自由活动并进食。
    注意:需密切观察动物,直至其恢复足够的意识以维持胸卧位。
  18. 皮下注射卡洛芬(5 mg/kg,0.2 mL)以预防术后疼痛,持续给药2-3天。

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结果

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在进行进一步的显微或分子分析之前,应评估双侧肾缺血-再灌注急性肾损伤(IR-AKI)手术的质量。手术过程中,当使用微血管夹夹闭肾蒂后,若肾脏颜色由粉红色迅速变为深红色,则可确认肾缺血已成功诱导(图1)。术后可通过下颌下采血获取少量血清进行生化分析,以进一步验证IR-AKI手术所致的肾损伤;分析结果应显示血尿素氮和肌酐水平较基线显著升高(图2)。

缺血对实验设置中组织的影响;缺血前后组织颜色变化分析。
图1:肾蒂夹闭后的肾缺血。 肾脏颜色由粉红...

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讨论

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所提出的双侧IR-AKI方案适用于研究双肾低灌注及再灌注损伤的机制。该方案建议使用体重较轻的小鼠,采用异氟烷进行全身麻醉,通过背外侧入路实施手术,并在术中维持体温,这些措施有助于减轻相关技术难度,缩短手术时间,并提高急性双侧肾IR-AKI研究中操作的一致性。

技术难度会影响双侧肾缺血-再灌注急性肾损伤(IR-AKI)手术中肾损伤的严重程度33。除了小鼠品系、性别、年龄和加热系统36,40,41,42,43,44外,血管夹的正确放置对于获得一致的结果至关重要。已有研究建议仔细分离周围脂肪组织,以充分暴露肾脏及其肾蒂或肾动脉

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披露

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作者声明,本文的发表不存在利益冲突。

致谢

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本研究模型获得了中国台湾科技部(MOST 109-2320-B-030-006-MY3)的经费支持。本稿件由 Wallace Academic Editing 进行了编辑。

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材料

本文使用的材料清单
姓名公司目录编号评论
可吸收缝合线,6-0EthiconJ510G-BX
聚维酮碘溶液Shineteh Istrument
卡洛芬SigmaPHR1452
棉球Shineteh Istrument
格雷夫镊Fine Science Tools11051-10
加热垫Shineteh Istrument
异氟烷Piramal Critical Care Inc.26675-46-7
莫里亚血管钳Fine Science Tools18320-11
Olsen-Hegar 持针器Fine Science Tools12002 - 12
生理盐水Shineteh Istrument
手术刀片Shinvas2646
小动物麻醉机Sheng-Cing Instruments Co.STEP AS-01
组织剪Fine Science Tools14072 - 10

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