Body Forces
Body Forces - Related Videos
09:05
Equilibrium and Free-body Diagrams
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2023
Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD, Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics & Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA Equilibrium is a special case in mechanics that is very important in everyday life. It occurs when the net force and the net torque on an object or system are both zero. This means that both the linear and angular accelerations are zero. Thus, the object is at rest, or its center of mass is moving at a constant velocity. However, this...
06:19
The Mouse Forced Swim Test
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Cited by 541 •
2012
The forced swim test is validated as an experimental approach to assess potential antidepressant efficacy in rodents. Experimental animals are placed in a tank of water and escape-related mobility behavior is quantified. The common procedures for the mouse version of this test are described.
10:32
Visualization of Flow Past a Bluff Body
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2023
Source: Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez, Hussam Hikmat Jabbar and Mahmoud N. Abdullatif, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Owing to the non-linear nature of its governing laws, fluid motion induces complicated flow patterns. Understanding the nature of these patterns has been the subject of intense scrutiny for centuries. Although personal computers and supercomputers are extensively used to deduce fluid flow patterns, their capabilities are still...
03:13
Intermolecular Forces
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2020
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
08:00
Force and Acceleration
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2023
Source: Nicholas Timmons, Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics & Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA The goal of this experiment is to understand the components of force and their relation to motion through the use of Newton's second law by measuring the acceleration of a glider being acted upon by a force. Nearly every aspect of motion in everyday life can be described using Isaac Newton's three laws of motion. They describe how objects in...
FAQs
Gravity and acceleration enter an analysis through different physical interpretations. Gravity produces weight because the material experiences a gravitational field, whereas acceleration produces inertial forces associated with system motion. Separating these contributions helps engineers determine whether deformation or stress arises from environmental loading, system motion, or both when predicting structural or fluid response.
Representing body forces as force per unit volume allows their effects to be included throughout an equilibrium calculation rather than assigned only at a boundary. In finite element models, this distributed loading contributes to the equations governing deformation and stress. The representation is especially important when material mass controls the response, such as under gravity or acceleration.
Electromagnetic fields can add volume-dependent loading to the mechanical effects of gravity and acceleration. Their contribution must be included alongside other body-force terms when engineers construct the governing equations for a material or fluid exposed to an applied field. This combined treatment supports analysis of systems experiencing electromagnetic effects together with ordinary mechanical loading.
A practical workflow identifies the operating environment, determines whether gravity, acceleration, rotation, or applied fields contribute, and represents those effects as force per unit volume. Engineers then include the distributed terms in equilibrium equations or a finite element model and evaluate predicted deformation, stress distributions, vibration, or fluid response under the selected conditions.
Body-force models support several engineering analyses, including structural deformation, fluid motion, buoyancy, vibration, and stress distributions. Their value is greatest when the response depends on loading throughout a material or fluid rather than on a localized interaction alone. The resulting predictions help researchers assess system behavior and design components for specified operating environments.
Rotation and acceleration change the loading environment experienced by mass within an engineering system. Including the associated inertial effects in the model helps predict how the system deforms, vibrates, or develops internal stress under motion. This treatment is relevant when evaluating components and systems that do not remain stationary under gravity or other applied operating conditions.