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Genetics
有针对性的下一代测序和生物信息学管道评价宪政疾病的遗传决定因素
有针对性的下一代测序和生物信息学管道评价宪政疾病的遗传决定因素
JoVE Journal
Genetics
This content is Free Access.
JoVE Journal Genetics
Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

有针对性的下一代测序和生物信息学管道评价宪政疾病的遗传决定因素

Full Text
34,951 Views
09:34 min
April 4, 2018

DOI: 10.3791/57266-v

Allison A. Dilliott1,2, Sali M.K. Farhan3, Mahdi Ghani4, Christine Sato4, Eric Liang5, Ming Zhang4, Adam D. McIntyre1, Henian Cao1, Lemuel Racacho6,7, John F. Robinson1, Michael J. Strong1,8, Mario Masellis9,10, Dennis E. Bulman6,7, Ekaterina Rogaeva4, Anthony Lang10,11, Carmela Tartaglia4,10, Elizabeth Finger12,13, Lorne Zinman9, John Turnbull14, Morris Freedman10,15, Rick Swartz9, Sandra E. Black9,16, Robert A. Hegele1,2

1Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry,Western University, 2Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry,Western University, 3Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine,Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 4Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases,University of Toronto, 5School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences,Queen's University, 6Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology,University of Ottawa, 7CHEO Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine,University of Ottawa, 8Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences,Western University, 9Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre,University of Toronto, 10Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine,University of Toronto, 11Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre,Toronto Western Hospital, 12Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry,Western University, 13Parkwood Institute,St. Joseph's Health Care, 14Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology,McMaster University, 15Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine,Baycrest Health Sciences, 16Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery Sunnybrook Site, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre,University of Toronto

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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

Targeted next-generation sequencing is a cost-effective method for identifying genetic variants associated with diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders. This protocol outlines the workflow for sequencing and the bioinformatics processes involved.

Key Study Components

Area of Science

  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Neuroscience

Background

  • Targeted sequencing focuses on specific genomic regions of interest.
  • This method is efficient and cost-effective compared to other sequencing approaches.
  • It is particularly useful for studying genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Bioinformatics processing can be complex and error-prone for newcomers.

Purpose of Study

  • To elucidate genetic determinants of constitutional diseases.
  • To improve diagnostic capabilities for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To streamline the bioinformatics workflow for variant analysis.

Methods Used

  • Collection and processing of human blood samples.
  • DNA extraction and library preparation for sequencing.
  • Utilization of cloud-based computing for data management.
  • Designing a bioinformatics workflow for resequencing and variant calling.

Main Results

  • Successful identification of genetic variants linked to diseases.
  • Demonstrated efficiency in sequencing and data processing.
  • Established quality control metrics for sequencing runs.
  • Developed a robust bioinformatics workflow for analysis.

Conclusions

  • Targeted next-generation sequencing is a valuable tool for disease research.
  • Bioinformatics challenges can be addressed with proper workflow design.
  • This method has broad applications beyond neurodegenerative diseases.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is targeted next-generation sequencing?
It is a method that focuses on specific genomic regions to identify genetic variants associated with diseases.
How does this method benefit neurodegenerative disease research?
It allows for efficient analysis of known genetic loci associated with these diseases.
What are the main challenges in using this technique?
The bioinformatics processing can be complex and may introduce errors if not handled properly.
What type of samples are used for this sequencing?
Human blood samples are typically collected for DNA extraction.
How is data quality assessed in sequencing runs?
Quality metrics such as cluster density and alignment percentages are used to evaluate sequencing quality.
Can this method be applied to other diseases?
Yes, it can be used for various constitutional diseases with known genomic regions of interest.

有针对性的下一代测序是一种时间和成本效益高的方法, 在疾病研究和临床诊断中越来越受欢迎。此处描述的协议介绍了序列化所需的复杂工作流以及用于识别导致疾病的遗传变异的生物信息学过程。

靶向下一代测序的总体目标是通过关注特别感兴趣的基因组区域来阐明各种体质性疾病的遗传决定因素。这种方法可以帮助我们回答有关疾病遗传意识形态的关键问题,尤其是当存在先前已知的遗传关联时。这种技术非常有效。

它可以在短时间内产生数百万个读数,我们以相对较低的成本获得它们,计算负担相对较低,尤其是当我们将其与其他下一代测序方法进行比较时。该技术的意义延伸到神经退行性疾病的诊断,这些疾病在表型和遗传上具有异质性,但具有许多已知的相关遗传位点。虽然这种方法特别针对神经退行性疾病,但它也可以应用于具有先前确定的感兴趣基因组区域的各种其他体质性疾病。

一般来说,刚接触这种方法的人会很挣扎,因为最终稀有变异分析所需的生物信息学处理可能是计算密集型的,并会产生许多错误来源。在此过程中,将人类血液样本收集在 3 至 4 毫升 EDTA K2 管中,以提供约 12 毫升的总体积。将血液样品以 750 倍比重离心 20 分钟。

这会将每个样品分为血浆的上层、薄的白细胞中间期和红细胞的底部。使用一次性移液管将血浆从血液样品的顶部移出。分装成多个 500 微升等分试样,并储存在零下 80 摄氏度以备将来生化分析。

根据制造商的说明,使用血液提取试剂盒从血液样本中提取 DNA。然后使用提取的 DNA 制备用于下一代测序的测序文库。排序运行完成后,在计算机上,通过选择导航面板上的 Runs 在基于云的计算环境中查找文件。

选择适当的测序运行以导航到运行摘要页面。选择 Download (下载) 以从云中获取数据。从出现的对话框中,选择 FASTQ 文件作为要下载的文件类型,然后单击 Download。

从基于云的计算环境的 Run Summary 页面中,导航到 Charts 以使用计算环境生成的各种数字分析排序运行的质量。在"运行图表"页面中,找到标有"按周期数据"的图,在"图表"下选择"强度",然后在"通道"下选择"所有通道"以生成信号强度图。在 Run Navigation 面板中,选择 Indexing QC 选项卡以找到位于页面右侧的 Indexing Quality Control 直方图。

在基于云的计算环境的 Run Summary 页面中,单击 Run 导航面板中的 Metrics 以导航到质量指标。在 Density kelvin per millimeter squared(密度开尔文/平方毫米)下,确保测序运行的簇密度在所用富集试剂盒推荐的范围内。在这种情况下,每平方毫米 1, 200 比 1, 400 开尔文。

在大于或等于 Q30 的 Total Percent 下,确保该值大于或等于 85%,以反映测序读数的质量。在 Aligned 下,确保该值与测序运行中包含的阳性对照的百分比相似。例如,如果使用 1% 阳性对照,则预期的对齐百分比约为 1% 至 5%,并且小数点后几位以内的变化是可以接受的。

通过将 FASTQ 测序读数导入数据处理软件来开始此过程。在导航区域中,右键单击并选择 New Folder。为文件夹命名,以便清楚地了解所执行的测序运行。

从顶部的工具栏中,选择 Import ,然后从下拉列表中选择执行排序的平台。对于 ONDRISeq,选择了 Ilumina。在对话框中,导航到正在处理的排序运行中选择 FASTQ 文件。

在对话框的 General 选项中,如果测序使用了配对末端化学成分,请单击 Paired reads 旁边的框。从对话框的 Paired read information (配对读取信息) 中,如果正向读取 FASTQ 文件出现在文件列表中的反向读取之前,请选择 Paired-end (配对端)。将 Paired read minimum distance (配对读取最小距离) 设置为 1,将 maximum distance (最大距离) 设置为 1000。

从对话框的 Ilumina 选项中,选择 Remove failed reads。从 Quality score 下拉列表中,选择用于测序的 NGS 管道。选择对话框底部的 Next。

选择 Save (保存) 和 Create subfolders per batch unit(每个批处理单位创建子文件夹)。选择对话框底部的 Next。选择之前创建的文件夹。

这是 FASTQ 文件将被导入的地方。选择对话框底部的 Finish 并等待导入 FASTQ 文件。单击 Processes 选项卡以查看文件导入的状态。

接下来,在软件中设计一个工作流程,以根据制造商的说明进行重测序和变体检出。设计重测序和变体调用工作流程是此过程最困难的方面。我们的团队研究了最佳实践,并通过反复试验提出了最强大的工作流程来满足我们的需求。

要通过定制的生物信息学工作流程运行导入的 FASTQ 测序读长文件,首先在软件的工具箱中确定工作流程并双击它。在出现的对话框中,找到在导航区域中导入的 FASTQ 文件的文件夹。通过在导航区域中选择所有文件夹来突出显示所有文件夹,然后单击 Batch 旁边的框。

使用向右箭头将文件移动到所选元素。单击对话框底部的 Next。在对话框中,查看批处理概述以确保选择了正确的 FASTQ 文件,然后单击 Next(下一步)。

在对话框中查看工作流的步骤,以确保在设计工作流时选择了正确的文件和导出位置。这些步骤包括将读取映射到参考序列、删除重复的映射读取、为目标区域创建统计信息、导出 BAM 文件、导出制表符分隔的文本、基于重叠进行筛选以及导出 VCF 文件。在对话框的最后一步 Result handling 中,选择选项 Save in input folder。

单击对话框底部的 Finish。最后一步是对每个样本的 VCF 文件执行变体注释,如文本协议中所述。本视频中演示的方法应用于 528 名参与者 DNA 样本,这些样本来自已参加 ONDRI 的个体。

样品在 ONDRISeq 面板上运行,分 22 次运行,每次运行 24 个样品。总体而言,测序数据被确定为高质量,平均样本覆盖率为 78 倍。平均 95.6% 的读数与参考序列匹配,并且所有 ONDRISeq 运行都映射了超过 90% 的读数。

在映射的读数中,92.0% 且 Phred 评分大于或等于 Q30。为了证明这种靶向 NGS 工作流程的实用性,我们以一名 68 岁的男性帕金森病患者为例,显示 N 输出量减少。精选带注释的方差以确定最有可能具有临床意义的方差,如红框所示。

在执行此程序时,重要的是要记住根据测序平台、使用的富集试剂盒和研究需求适当地调整步骤。开发后,这项技术为遗传学领域的研究人员铺平了道路,以获得高质量的区域特异性数据,同时保持比全外显子组和全基因组对应物更便宜的成本。

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