Name: operons in bacterial gene control
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:37.000Z
Duration: 2 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

In prokaryotischen Zellen ist ein Operon eine Gruppe genetischer Sequenzen, die regulatorische Elemente und mehrere proteinkodierende Gene enthalten, die Strukturgene, die zusammen transkribiert werden.
 Einer der am besten untersuchten Fälle ist das Lac-Operon in Bakterien, das die drei Gene lac-Z, lac-Y und lac-A enthält, diese kodieren die für den Stoffwechsel der Laktose notwendigen Enzyme sowie die Promotor-, Operator- und Terminatorsequenzen, die die Expression der lac-Gene regulieren.
 Wenn die Glukosekonzentration im Überfluss vorhanden ist, bindet das lac-Repressorprotein normalerweise fest an den Operator und verhindert die Transkription der lac-Gene, indem es die Bindung der RNA-Polymerase an den Promotor blockiert.
 Der lac-Repressor ist konstitutiv exprimiert, was bedeutet, dass das Gen, das ihn codiert, standardmäßig aktiviert ist.
 Wenn die Glukosekonzentration sehr niedrig ist, verwendet die Zelle Laktose als Energiequelle.
 Einmal in der Zelle vorhanden, wird ein Teil der Lactose in eine modifizierte Version umgewandelt, die Allolactose genannt wird und als Induktor des lac-Operons bekannt ist, da sie an den Repressor bindet und diesen hemmt und so die Expression der lac-Gene auslöst.
 Bei niedrigen Glukosespiegeln nimmt außerdem die Menge des Signalmoleküls cyclisches AMP zu und bindet an das Katabolitenaktivatorprotein oder CAP.
 Zusammen binden sie an eine regulatorische Sequenz, die sich ungefähr stromaufwärts des Promotors befindet und helfen bei der Rekrutierung der RNA-Polymerase, um die Transkription signifikant zu erhöhen.
 Während der Transkription wird ein einzelner mRNA-Strang produziert und freigesetzt, wenn die Polymerase die Terminatorsequenz erreicht.
 Aus dieser mRNA werden die drei Proteine übersetzt, die zur Verarbeitung von Lactose notwendig sind.
 ?-Galactosidase - Permease - Transacetylase

Osbourn, Anne E. und Ben Field. "Operone." Zelluläre und molekulare Lebenswissenschaften 66, Nr. 23 (2009): 3755-3775. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0114-3">Quelle</a>]

operons

Operons

Die Genexpression in Prokaryoten kann durch Operons gesteuert werden. Die DNA-Sequenzen bestehen aus regulatorischen Elementen und geclusterten, funktionell verwandten proteinkodierenden Genen. Operons verwenden eine bestimmte Promotorsequenz, um die Transkription eines Gen-Clusters (d.h. einer Gruppe von Struktur-Genen) in ein einziges mRNA-Molekül zu initiieren. Die Terminatorsequenz beendet die Transkription. Eine Operatorsequenz welche sich zwischen dem Promotor und den Struktur-Genen befindet, verhindert die Transkriptionsaktivität des Operons, wenn es durch ein Repressorprotein gebunden ist. Insgesamt bilden der Promotor, der Operator, die Struktur-Gene und der Terminator den Kern eines Operons.
 
 Operons sind in der Regel entweder induzierbar oder repressiv. Induzierbare Operons, wie z.B. das bakterielle Lac-Operon, sind normalerweise ausgeschaltet. Sie werden aber in Gegenwart eines kleinen Moleküls, dem sogenannten Induktor (z.B. Allolaktose), eingeschaltet. Wenn keine Glukose vorhanden ist, aber Lactose ist da, bindet die Allolactose und inaktiviert den Lac-Operon-Repressor. So kann das Operon Enzyme bilden, die für den Lactose-Stoffwechsel verantwortlich sind.
 
 Repressive Operons, wie z.B. das bakterielle Trp-Operon, sind in der Regel eingeschaltet, werden aber in Gegenwart eines kleinen Moleküls, eines so genannten Korepressors (z.B. Tryptophan), ausgeschaltet. Wenn Tryptophan, eine essenzielle Aminosäure, im Überfluss vorhanden ist, bindet und aktiviert Tryptophan den TrpRepressor und verhindert, dass das Operon die für seine Synthese erforderlichen Enzyme produziert.
 
 Operons können auch konstitutiv (d.h. kontinuierlich) aktiv sein. Beispielsweise sind bakterielle ribosomale RNA-Operone (rRNA) immer eingeschaltet, da rRNAs ständig für die Translation benötigt werden.
 
 Weitere regulierende Elemente tragen ebenfalls zu einer koordinierten Genexpression der Operons bei. So kodieren regulatorische Gene für Transkriptionsaktivatoren oder Repressorproteine. Die LacI-und TrpR-Gene kodieren beispielsweise für ihre jeweiligen Operon-Repressoren. Zusätzliche regulatorische Sequenzen, wie die Bindungsstelle des CAP-Proteins (catabolite activator protein), bieten Bindungsstellen für andere Aktivatoren oder Repressoren. Wenn der Glukosegehalt gering ist, aktiviert beispielsweise ein Signalmolekül (d.h. ein zyklisches AMP) das CAP und ermöglicht ihm, die CAP-Bindungsstelle zu binden, die RNA-Polymerase zu rekrutieren und die Lac-Operon-Transkription zu initiieren.

Prokaryoten können die Genexpression durch Operone steuern – DNA-Sequenzen, die aus regulatorischen Elementen und geclusterten, funktionell verwandten ...

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Molecular Biology

Molekularbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Gene Expression

Genexpression

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

operons in bacterial gene control

Operons help bacteria control groups of genes at the same time. An operon is a set of genes that are regulated together and can be turned on or off as a unit. This shared control helps bacteria respond quickly to changes in their environment.

In many operons, a promoter gives RNA polymerase a place to bind and start transcription. The operon also includes a regulatory region that helps control whether the genes are expressed. When conditions change, the cell can use this setup to manage gene activity efficiently.

Operons are a key example of gene regulation in prokaryotes. The transcript highlights the lac operon as a model for this process. Studying operons shows how bacteria coordinate gene expression without separating the genes into different control systems.

Operons in Bacterial Gene Control

cell specific gene expression

How Cells Switch Genes On and Off

Cells switch genes on and off to make different proteins for different jobs. In multicellular organisms, many cell types are built from the same DNA, but they do not use the same genes in the same way. This difference in gene expression helps explain why cells can look and act so differently. Liver cells are a clear example. They help detoxify blood, make bile to help digest fats, and produce proteins needed for metabolism. To do these jobs, liver cells must express a specific set of genes.

regulation of expression occurs at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-occurs-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several points between DNA and protein. The most common control point is transcription. At this stage, proteins bind to short regulatory DNA sequences and can either increase or reduce transcription of the linked gene. After transcription, a precursor mRNA is made. This pre-mRNA contains exons, which code for protein, and introns, which do not. It must be processed before translation, and splicing removes the introns and joins the exons. Cells can also regulate...

cis-regulatory sequences

How Cis-Regulatory DNA Controls Transcription

Cis-regulatory sequences are short, non-coding DNA segments that control gene transcription. They sit on the same chromosome as the genes they regulate and act as binding sites for transcriptional regulators. In eukaryotes, these proteins help control gene expression patterns in different cell types. These DNA sequences can be close to a gene or thousands of bases away. When they are far from the gene in the DNA sequence, they are often brought close together in space because chromosomes are...

cooperative binding of transcription regulators

cooperative-binding-of-transcription-regulators

How Transcription Factors Bind DNA

Transcriptional regulators bind to cis-regulatory DNA sequences to control gene transcription. These DNA sequences are very short, usually fewer than ten nucleotide pairs long. Because they are so short, the same sequence can appear by chance in many places across the genome. Some regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences. That raises the chance of random binding even more. To lower this risk, transcription regulators often form dimers, which are pairs of proteins that bind a DNA...

prokaryotic transcriptional activators and repressors

prokaryotic-transcriptional-activators-and-repressors

Operon Control by Activators and Repressors

Operon control in prokaryotes depends on activators and repressors. Prokaryotic genes are often arranged in groups, not one by one like in eukaryotes. Genes that help carry out the same biochemical process are placed together with their regulatory elements. This group is called an operon, and it is transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA strand. Activators and repressors are DNA-binding proteins that control transcription in an operon. Activators bind near the promoter, which is the site...

Operons help bacteria control groups of genes at the same time. An operon is a set of genes that are regulated together and can be turned on or off as a unit. This shared control helps bacteria respond quickly to changes in their environment. In many operons, a promoter gives RNA polymerase a place to bind and start transcription. The operon also includes a regulatory region that helps control whether the genes are expressed. When conditions change, the cell can use this setup to manage gene...

the eukaryotic promoter region

Eukaryotic Promoter Motifs and Gene Control

The eukaryotic promoter region is a stretch of DNA located upstream of a gene. It includes an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. These DNA signals help control when transcription begins. The promoter can be divided into proximal and distal regions. The proximal promoter lies close to the gene and includes cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the RNA polymerase binding site, and it is usually found...

co-activators and co-repressors

Chromatin Control in Gene Transcription

Chromatin control plays a major role in gene transcription in eukaryotes. Gene expression is regulated by several proteins that work together at a gene regulatory site. Some of these proteins bind directly to specific DNA sequences, while co-regulators attach to those regulators but do not bind DNA on their own. Co-regulators can act as co-activators or co-repressors, depending on the complex they join. One co-regulator may even switch roles in different settings. For example, the...

eukaryotic transcription activators

How Transcription Activators Turn Genes On

Transcription activators are proteins that help turn genes on by promoting transcription from DNA to RNA. They often have two parts. One part binds to DNA, and the other part activates transcription. In some proteins, such as the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD, one domain can do both jobs. The DNA-binding part recognizes specific regulatory sequences on the DNA. These binding domains are grouped into families based on their structure. Common examples include the leucine zipper, zinc finger,...

eukaryotic transcription inhibitors

How Eukaryotic Gene Repressors Work

Eukaryotic gene repressors help turn specific genes off when the cell needs to control growth, development, or other biochemical processes. These DNA-binding proteins regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Their presence at the right time and place can be triggered by hormones and signals from other cells. Most transcription inhibitors have two main parts. One part binds DNA, and the other is a repressor domain, which helps shut down transcription. Repressor domains can connect with basal...

combinatorial gene control

Gene Expression by Transcription Factor Combinations

Gene expression can depend on combinations of transcription factors working together. In combinatorial gene control, several transcription factors act in a coordinated way to regulate a single gene. If one or more of these factors are missing, the level of gene expression or repression can change a lot. This kind of control helps explain how a relatively small number of transcription factors can regulate a very large number of genes. More than 30,000 genes are controlled by about 2,000 to...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Cells into Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells are created by reprogramming mature cells back into a stem-cell state. This process shows that specialized cells can be changed into cells with broader developmental potential. The topic is important in biology because it links cell identity, gene control, and stem cell research. These cells begin as ordinary body cells and are pushed to de-differentiate, or lose their specialized features. After reprogramming, they behave like pluripotent stem cells, which means...

master transcription regulators

MEF2C and Gene Control Cascades

MEF2C is a master transcription regulator that controls gene expression in coordinated cascades. These regulators are proteins that manage the activity of multiple genes that often work together to produce a complex outcome. When a master transcription regulator is activated, it can start a chain of transcriptional activation that supports that outcome. Master transcription regulators can act in two main ways. They may bind directly to the regulatory sequences of several genes involved in a...

epigenetic regulation

DNA Methylation and Histone Changes

Epigenetic regulation controls gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. It helps determine when genes are turned on or off in a cell. Two major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation and histone modification. DNA methylation adds chemical groups to DNA, while histone changes affect how tightly DNA is packed around histone proteins. These changes can make genes easier or harder to use. In high school biology, epigenetic regulation is important for understanding how cells with the...

genomic imprinting and inheritance

Genomic Imprinting in Human Disease

Genomic imprinting affects how some inherited genes are turned on or off in human cells. Diploid organisms inherit chromosomes from both parents, and each gene usually has two alleles. In most cases, both alleles are expressed. If one allele is missing or mutated, the other can often compensate, but some genes do not work that way. In genomic imprinting, a gene or its regulatory sequence carries chemical tags, such as methyl groups, on the copy inherited from only one parent. These tags are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how operons let bacteria regulate groups of genes together, with a focus on promoters, regulatory regions, and the lac operon model.

Operons in Bacterial Gene Control | JoVE K12

molecular biology

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Operons in Bacterial Gene Control

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