Chapter 3
Acid–Base Titration
Acid–Base Titration: Overview
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An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known…
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base
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During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide…
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base
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In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like…
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid
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The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid…
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base
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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed,…
Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations
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The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic…
Mixtures of Acids
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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two…
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents
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Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or…
Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid
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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the…
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base
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Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation…
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH
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Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the…
Buffers: Overview
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Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a…
Buffers: Buffer Capacity
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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted…
Leveling Effect
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In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a…
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry for Measuring Macromolecule-Ligand Affinity
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Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a useful tool for understanding the complete thermodynamic picture of a binding reaction. In biological…
Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
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Lewis acid-activation of carbonyl-containing substrates is a fundamental basis for facilitating transformations in organic chemistry. Historically,…