Liver Vitamin A
Liver Vitamin A - Related Videos
12:48
PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
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Cited by 211 •
2013
We describe the production and characterization of nanoparticles and microparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) using vitamin E-TPGS as an emulsifier. By varying formulation parameters such as the concentration of emulsifier, it is possible to produce nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging from 220 nm to 1.98 µm.
01:30
Vitamins
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2024
Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
12:35
In vivo Liver Endocytosis Followed by Purification of Liver Cells by Liver Perfusion
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Cited by 14 •
2011
The study of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) must be performed with primary cells obtained from the animal as no cell lines exist. This method relies on liver digestion and differential centrifugation for SEC purification for subsequent culturing and experimentation.
12:13
Ex Situ Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Donor Livers
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Cited by 21 •
2015
Here we present a protocol describing oxygenated ex situ machine perfusion of donor liver grafts. This article contains a step by step protocol to procure and prepare the liver graft for machine perfusion, prepare the perfusion fluid, prime the perfusion machine and perform oxygenated normothermic machine perfusion of the liver graft.
09:24
Decellularization and Recellularization of Whole Livers
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Cited by 39 •
2011
Perfusion decellularization is a novel technique to produce whole liver scaffolds that retains the organ's extracellular matrix composition and microarchitecture. Herein, the method of preparing whole organ scaffolds using perfusion decellularization and subsequent repopulation with hepatocytes is described. Functional and transplantable liver grafts can be generated using this technique.
FAQs
Dietary retinyl esters and carotenoid-derived compounds enter hepatic processing through different chemical forms, but both contribute to the liver’s vitamin A pool. Retinyl esters provide a storage-ready form, whereas carotenoid-derived compounds must be processed before contributing to retinoid metabolism. This distinction helps explain how nutritional inputs become available for storage, circulation, or tissue-specific functions.
Hepatic stellate cells provide the principal storage site for vitamin A within the liver, holding it mainly as retinyl esters. Esterification creates a chemically stable reserve that can remain stored until physiological demand increases. Hydrolysis then converts stored retinyl esters into retinol, linking the liver’s reservoir to bloodstream transport and helping regulate vitamin A availability.
The chemical fate of retinol in a target tissue determines its immediate function. Oxidation to retinal supports the visual cycle, while further oxidation to retinoic acid produces a molecule involved in transcriptional regulation. This branching explains why the same stored hepatic reserve can ultimately contribute either to visual processes or to changes in gene expression.
Retinoic acid regulates transcription through nuclear receptors, which connect its chemical presence to gene-control mechanisms. This provides a direct route from retinol oxidation to altered cellular programs rather than simply supplying a nutrient reserve. In chemistry and nutritional biochemistry, the pathway illustrates how oxidation can generate a signaling molecule with effects beyond vitamin transport or storage.
A useful workflow follows the sequence from dietary retinyl esters or carotenoid-derived compounds, through hepatic processing and retinyl ester storage, to hydrolysis and retinol release into blood. The analysis then tracks oxidation in target tissues to retinal or retinoic acid. This framework helps organize chemical measurements and interpret how storage relates to visual or transcriptional outcomes.
Hepatic storage and release provide a chemical basis for comparing insufficient intake with supplementation. A limited reserve can reduce the retinol available for target-tissue pathways, whereas supplementation changes the input to the storage and transport system. Studying these relationships also supports toxicity research by examining how altered vitamin A handling affects storage, circulation, and downstream actions.