Extruder Assembly
Extruder Assembly - Related Videos
11:36
Assembly, Loading, and Alignment of an Analytical Ultracentrifuge Sample Cell
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Cited by 21 •
2009
The analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) sample cell holds sample and reference buffer and during experiments and is exposed to high vacuum and rotor speeds up to 60,000 rpm. This video will demonstrate the rigorous attention to detail necessary for assembly, loading and alignment of this very important component of an AUC experiment.
09:53
Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture
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Cited by 3 •
2018
Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.
02:41
Protein Complex Assembly
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2020
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types. Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes. Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
13:05
Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
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Cited by 12 •
2016
This manuscript presents an injection molding method to engineer microvessels that recapitulate physiological properties of endothelium. The microfluidic-based process creates patent 3D vascular networks with tailorable conditions, such as flow, cellular composition, geometry, and biochemical gradients. The fabrication process and examples of potential applications are described.
02:50
Spindle Assembly
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2023
Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus. In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...
FAQs
ATP supplies energy for cohesin movement along chromatin. As cohesin advances, it draws neighboring DNA segments together, allowing a loop to grow. This movement provides a dynamic mechanism rather than a static arrangement. In genetic studies, ATP-dependent activity helps connect molecular motion with changes in genome architecture and gene regulation.
CTCF and other boundary elements can limit extrusion, restricting how far a cohesin-mediated loop extends. These constraints help define which DNA regions become associated and can preserve distinct chromatin neighborhoods. Their action is therefore important for interpreting how genome architecture organizes regulatory contacts rather than allowing unrestricted DNA convergence.
Cohesin must first form a functional molecular complex and then become associated with chromatin for extrusion to influence DNA organization. Considering both stages helps distinguish defects in complex formation from problems placing cohesin on DNA. This distinction is useful when analyzing how altered loop formation may affect gene regulation or chromosome organization.
Investigations can assess cohesin complex formation or loading, ATP-dependent movement, loop organization, and limitation by boundary elements such as CTCF. Experimental analyses provide observations of the molecular or chromatin system, while computational analyses help examine patterns of genome organization. Together, these approaches connect molecular mechanisms with larger-scale chromosome architecture.
Loop formation can bring regulatory DNA segments into proximity, including enhancers and promoters that influence gene expression. The extent and placement of loops therefore matter for determining which genomic regions can communicate. Studying cohesin movement and boundary-limited extrusion helps researchers investigate how three-dimensional chromosome organization contributes to regulatory control.
Changes in loop formation can alter the spatial organization of chromosomes and the regulatory contacts that control gene expression. These effects make the process relevant to developmental programs and genome stability. Research also uses this framework to examine how disruptions in chromatin loop formation may contribute to genetic disease-associated changes in regulation.