Antigen Internalization
Antigen Internalization - Related Videos
10:06
Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization
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2022
To rationally design efficient adjuvants, we developed poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticle-stabilized Pickering emulsion (PNPE). The PNPE possessed unique softness and a hydrophobic interface for potent cellular contact and offered high-content antigen loading, improving the cellular affinity of the delivery system to antigen-presenting cells and inducing efficient internalization of antigens.
02:41
B Cell Activation on an Antigen-Coated Coverslip
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2025
This video demonstrates B cell activation in vitro. The process involves antigen interaction with B cell receptors, leading to cytoskeleton remodeling, immune synapse formation, lysosome movement, antigen internalization, processing, and subsequent presentation on MHC molecules for B cell activation.
09:18
Internal Standards
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia The goal of many chemical analyses is a quantitative analysis, where the amount of a substance in a sample is determined. In order to accurately calculate the concentration of an unknown from a sample, careful sample preparation is key. Every time a sample is handled or transferred, some of the sample can be lost. There are strategies however, for minimizing sample loss. There are also strategies for coping with sample loss and...
02:00
Internal Energy
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2020
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial. Although the values for Ufinal and Uinitial cannot be determined for a system, the first law of thermodynamics only...
06:57
Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells
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Cited by 9 •
2016
In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).
FAQs
The receptor that binds an extracellular antigen helps determine whether the material enters through receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis. Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells use specialized receptors to capture antigen, linking recognition to intracellular transport. This receptor-dependent entry influences how efficiently material reaches processing compartments and subsequently contributes to immune detection.
After uptake, vesicles transport antigen through the cell so proteolytic processing can occur before peptide loading onto major histocompatibility complex molecules. This sequence converts captured extracellular material into information that T cells can recognize. Consequently, intracellular routing connects antigen capture with the strength and character of the resulting adaptive immune response.
Both pathways bring extracellular antigen into immune cells, but they represent distinct uptake mechanisms. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is initiated by antigen binding to specialized receptors, whereas phagocytosis provides another route for internalizing material. Comparing these pathways helps explain how different immune cells handle antigen and how uptake connects to later processing and presentation.
Studying antigen internalization can show how extracellular material moves from immune-cell capture to proteolytic processing and presentation on major histocompatibility complex molecules. This information helps investigators connect cellular uptake with T-cell recognition and adaptive immunity. It also provides a framework for examining how altered antigen handling may influence infection outcomes or vaccine responses.
Vaccine design can consider how efficiently immune cells capture extracellular antigen and route it toward processing and presentation. Because this pathway influences T-cell recognition and adaptive immunity, the internalization step is relevant when evaluating how a vaccine engages dendritic cells, macrophages, or B cells. Its study therefore helps relate antigen delivery to immune-response outcomes.
In infection research, tracing antigen uptake and intracellular processing helps clarify host-pathogen interactions and how pathogens affect immune detection. In immunotherapy research, the same pathway provides context for understanding how immune cells encounter and present antigen. These applications connect cell-level trafficking with broader questions about infection outcomes, adaptive immunity, and therapeutic immune activation.