Hybridization Procedure
Hybridization Procedure - Related Videos
08:00
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization
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2023
Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a common technique used for visualizing the location of expressed RNAs in embryos. In this process, synthetically produced RNA probes are first complementarily bound, or "hybridized," to the transcripts of target genes. Immunohistochemistry or fluorescence is then used to detect these RNA hybrids, revealing spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression. Unlike traditional in situ hybridization techniques, which require thin tissue sections whose...
03:24
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I
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2020
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
03:35
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II
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2020
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization To describe the five bonding orbitals in a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement, we must use five of the valence shell atomic orbitals (the s orbital, the three p orbitals, and one of the d orbitals), which gives five sp3d hybrid orbitals. With an octahedral arrangement of six hybrid orbitals, we must use six valence shell atomic orbitals (the s orbital, the three p orbitals, and two of the d orbitals in its valence shell), which gives six sp3d 2 hybrid orbitals.
09:10
Digital Hybrid Model Preparation for Virtual Planning of Reconstructive Dentoalveolar Surgical Procedures
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Cited by 12 •
2021
A workflow for creating three-dimensional (3D) virtual hybrid models has been designed based on cone-beam computed tomography dataset and intraoral optical scans utilizing radiographic image segmentation methods and free-form surface modeling. Digital models are used for the virtual planning of reconstructive dentoalveolar surgical procedures.
03:53
FFPE Tissue Pretreatment for RNA CISH: A Procedure to Process Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections for RNA Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization
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2023
This video demonstrates the steps involved in the pretreatment of FFPE tissue specimens for RNA chromogenic in situ hybridization. The pretreatment process helps maintain nucleic acid integrity within the cells and overall tissue morphology.
FAQs
Stringency sets how selectively the probe-target pairing is retained during processing. Temperature, salt concentration, and washing conditions are controlled together, and their combined effect determines signal specificity. Careful control helps researchers interpret detected labeling as evidence of the intended complementary sequence rather than an ambiguous signal, which is especially important when comparing targets across brain tissue.
Denaturation separates tissue nucleic-acid strands so the added probe can access a complementary target. The probe’s label then makes the pairing detectable after annealing and washing. This links molecular recognition to an observable signal, allowing the procedure to identify cellular targets and support measurements of gene expression in neural tissue.
Complementarity provides the sequence-level basis for assigning a signal to a particular nucleic-acid target. In practice, this selectivity allows investigators to examine where a chosen mRNA occurs and to compare its distribution among brain regions or cell populations, rather than treating all nucleic acids as equivalent.
A typical workflow begins by denaturing nucleic acids in prepared tissue, followed by applying a labeled probe. The probe is allowed to anneal under controlled temperature and salt conditions, and washing conditions are then used as part of the specificity control. The resulting label provides the detectable basis for locating the target.
By examining mRNA distribution directly within brain regions, in situ hybridization connects gene-expression signals with anatomical location. It can also help distinguish neuronal and glial populations, making the method useful for relating molecular targets to cellular organization, neural circuits, and changes associated with development or disease.
Its applications include mapping mRNA across brain regions, identifying cellular targets, and measuring gene-expression changes. Those readouts can be used to investigate development, neural circuits, and disease-related molecular changes. The approach is therefore suited to questions that require both a specific nucleic-acid target and information about where that target appears in nervous tissue.