Quantification of Bacterial Load in Mouse Spleen and Liver After Systemic Infection

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Begin with the spleen and liver tissues isolated from a mouse infected with an intracellular bacterial pathogen.

These organs, which function as immune filters, accumulate bacteria captured by tissue-resident phagocytic cells during systemic infection.

Place each organ into a tube filled with a lysis buffer containing a non-ionic detergent and glass beads to facilitate tissue disruption.

Mechanically agitate the tubes so that the beads repeatedly collide with the tissue, breaking down its structure.

The detergent permeabilizes host cells without solubilizing bacterial cell walls, thereby releasing intact, viable bacteria into the suspension.

Perform serial dilutions of each homogenate to obtain a range of bacterial concentrations.

Spread aliquots from each dilution onto nutrient-rich agar plates.

Incubate the plates to allow individual bacteria to grow into distinct colonies.

Count the colonies to determine the bacterial load in each tissue sample.

To measure the peak infection bacterial load, on day three post infection, restrain the limbs of an experimental animal in the supine position on a dissecting board. And disinfect the skin with 70 percent ethanol.

Using sterile tough cut scissors, make an incision from the chest to the groin. Then make an incision from the mid groin toward each knee and from the mid chest toward each elbow. Blunt dissect, and reflect back the skin, pinning it open with 25 gauge needles.

Disinfect the muscle layer with more 70 percent ethanol. Then using sterile fine scissors, make a midline incision in the peritoneal wall. Use forceps to grasp the xiphoid process.

Make incisions in the peritoneal wall starting at the xiphoid process and moving laterally on each side, following the ribcage to just below the diaphragm. This will reveal the liver.

Next, use sterile scissors to cut an approximately 100 milligram piece out of one lobe. Place the tissue in a preweighed 1.5 milliliter micro centrifuge tube containing 0.2 to 0.3 grams of 1.5 to 2 millimeter acid washed sterile glass beads, and use the forceps to gently push aside the organs on the left side of the peritoneal cavity to visualize the spleen.

Use the forceps to gently grasp the spleen, cutting away the surrounding connective tissue to release the organ from the peritoneal cavity. Place the spleen in a different tube than the liver, and transfer the tissues to the laboratory in a leak proof container containing ice. Shake the tubes while using a bead mill homogenizer for three minutes at a 30 hertz frequency.

Then, set up a tenfold dilution series of the homogenates in 0.1 percent Triton X-100 in PBS. Next, use a sterile spreader to spread 100 microliters of each diluted homogenate onto a BHI agar plate. And transfer the plates to a 37 degrees Celsius incubator for an overnight incubation.

Keep the plates that contain up to 300 colonies per plate. Count the colonies on each plate.

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Last updated: 1 August 2026