Name: preventing lab electric shock and fires
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:56:27.000Z
Duration: 4 min 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Electrical Safety

1. preparación para riesgos eléctricos <ol><li>estar familiarizado con la ubicación del panel de control eléctrico de laboratorio y saber apagar la energía en caso de emergencia. Localizar la caja de cortacircuitos en el laboratorio e identificar el circuito en el que está enchufado el equipo electrificado. Todos los interruptores debe etiquetarse apropiadamente, identificación del área de laboratorio o equipo específico se encuentra asociada a.</li>
	<li>Estar familiarizado con el tipo y localización de extintores de incendio en caso de un incendio eléctrico. Incendios eléctricos (también conocidos como fuegos de clase C) requieren un extintor que contiene bióxido de carbono. La ubicación de los extintores debe ser marcada arriba o con la señalización de planta con flechas apuntando a la localización. Según OSHA, los 4 pasos claves para el uso correcto de un extintor son 3: a. P ull el pasador de. 
	b. un im la boquilla hacia la base del fuego. 
	c. S queeze el gatillo para el control de la liberación del agente de. 
	d. S lloran de lado a lado.</li>
	<li>Inspeccionar todo equipo eléctrico de laboratorio periódicamente para asegurar que todos los equipos y sus cables internos y periféricos asociados están en excelente condiciones de trabajo. Si los cables están en mal estado, tenerlos reparados o remplazados por un electricista calificado. Puede ser ventajoso que los miembros del grupo asignados a esta tarea con los resultados de su investigación en un libro de registro asociado con el instrumento de.</li>
</ol> 2. Evitar descargas eléctricas <ol><li>nunca toque electrónicos con las manos mojadas o húmedas materiales.</li>
	<li>Compruebe que todos los cables eléctricos estén en buenas condiciones antes de encender. No puede usarse cables deshilachados o los alambres expuestos. Tiene el cable reparado o reemplazado por un electricista calificado.</li>
	<li>Mantener los cables lejos de productos químicos corrosivos y solventes orgánicos para evitar la erosión del aislamiento en cables de.</li>
	<li>Reemplazar zócalos están dañadas o rotas, enchufes y empalmes inmediatamente para evitar mayores daños. No intente forzar un enchufe en una toma en la que no cabe.</li>
	<li>Apaga la alimentación y desenchufe el cable de alimentación antes de abrir la cubierta para los dispositivos eléctricos. Ten en cuenta que algunos condensadores pueden estar cargados incluso horas después de quitar la tapa de.</li>
	<li>Sólo utiliza equipos con enchufes de puesta a tierra en el laboratorio. Los conectores principales utilizados para equipo de laboratorio incluyen monofásica con conexión a tierra, trifásico con seguridad a tierra, monofasico centro aprovechado con seguridad a tierra y trifásicos con neutro con puesta a tierra de seguridad. No no siempre fuerza un enchufe en una toma de corriente. Verificar el adecuado compañeros.</li>
	<li>Nunca use cables de extensión para equipo de laboratorio permanente excepto computadoras personales o de uso temporal. Uso de protectores contra sobretensiones para proteger dispositivos eléctricos de picos de voltaje. Evitar &#34; en cadena tipo margarita &#34; de extensión de cables de.</li>
	<li>Nunca correr el riesgo de la reparación de problemas eléctricos desconocidos. Pedir electricistas calificados para inspeccionar o reparar problemas eléctricos desconocidos.</li>
	<li>No toque nunca una persona eléctricamente se sorprendió porque actúas como un conducto para la electricidad llegar a tierra. Llame inmediatamente al 911. Seguridad primero y luego apague la potencia si es posible o uso de material no conductor como madera, vidrio o caucho para tirar de la persona del contacto eléctrico.</li>
</ol> 3. Evitar el fuego eléctrico o explosión <ol><li>Don &#39; t sobrecarga un circuito. Si un circuito está sobrecargado, la potencia, corriente y voltaje podrían superar el valor nominal y conducir a un incendio. Si usted es incapaz de determinar los valores nominales, consulte con una persona que puede determinar si la carga actual del circuito excede la máxima recomendada dibuja.</li>
	<li>Almacenar productos químicos inflamables y explosivos lejos de aparatos eléctricos. Las chispas generadas por aparatos eléctricos pueden causar fuego o explosión con los productos químicos inflamables y explosivos cerca.</li>
	<li>Asegúrese de que todos los dispositivos eléctricos estén lejos de fuentes de punto caliente (es decir, una llama abierta) evitar que el fuego eléctrico y fusión.</li>
	<li>En caso de incendio eléctrico, primero salga de la zona y llame inmediatamente al 911. Tirar de la alarma de incendio más conveniente y apaga la fuente de alimentación principal si seguro y posible. Nunca utilice agua o un extintor de espuma conductora. Usar arena o un extintor de dióxido de carbono en su lugar.</li>
</ol>

los aparatos eléctricos son por todas partes en el laboratorio. Es esencial seguir principios de seguridad eléctrica para evitar descargas eléctricas, incendio eléctrico o explosión. Preparado sobre qué medidas deben adoptarse en caso de emergencia. Identifique y marque la ubicación de extintores de incendio en el laboratorio. Asegúrese de utilizar un extintor para fuego clase C. Recuerde que conseguir seguridad personal primero y luego se apagará la energía a cualquier dispositivo eléctrico funciona mal si se puede hac...

seguridad eléctrica

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania, University Park, PA
 entre los muchos peligros presentes en el laboratorio, riesgos eléctricos son uno de los más comunes debemos ser conscientes de que la mayoría de los laboratorios equipo utilizamos requiere electricidad para funcionar. Manipulación inadecuada o el funcionamiento de los aparatos eléctricos puede producir descargas eléctricas con el riesgo potencial de lesiones o incluso la muerte. Chispas eléctricas pueden conducir a incendio o explosión (ya que muchos productos químicos inflamables pueden almacenarse cerca electrificada instrumental). Por lo tanto, conocimiento sobre seguridad eléctrica y qué hacer en caso de emergencia es esencial para el personal de laboratorio. Pueden emplearse las precauciones cuando se trabaja en el laboratorio para evitar descargas eléctricas y fuego eléctrico o explosión.

Seguridad eléctrica

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

El manejo seguro de equipos eléctricos es tan importante como el manejo de materiales químicos, sin embargo, a menudo se pasa por alto la naturaleza peligrosa de los dispositivos eléctricos. El funcionamiento incorrecto de los dispositivos eléctricos puede provocar lesiones o la muerte por descarga eléctrica. Además, las chispas eléctricas en el laboratorio pueden provocar incendios o explosiones, especialmente cuando se colocan productos químicos altamente inflamables o potencialmente explosivos muy cerca. La prevención de accidentes eléctricos implica la inspección del cableado eléctrico, mantener los cables de alimentación a distancias seguras del agua o los productos químicos, y el conocimiento de la situación. Este video ilustrará las precauciones necesarias que se deben tomar antes de usar dispositivos eléctricos y los procedimientos utilizados para prevenir o manejar accidentes relacionados con descargas eléctricas e incendios eléctricos. Antes de encender cualquier dispositivo eléctrico, asegúrese de que el cable de alimentación esté en buenas condiciones. No utilice el dispositivo con un cable deshilachado o cables expuestos. Asegúrese de que el dispositivo esté sobre una superficie resistente libre de desorden o escombros para evitar que se caiga. Además, mantenga los productos químicos inflamables y corrosivos a una distancia segura de los enchufes eléctricos. Familiarícese con el apagado eléctrico de emergencia y la caja de disyuntores en caso de que sea necesario apagar un dispositivo. Etiquete correctamente los circuitos a los que está conectado cada toma de corriente. Inspeccione todos los equipos eléctricos del laboratorio con regularidad verificando las condiciones del cableado. En caso de cable dañado o dispositivo defectuoso, haga que personal experimentado reemplace las piezas de inmediato. Para evitar descargas eléctricas, mantenga los dispositivos enchufados alejados de cualquier fregadero o bañera llena de agua, y evite tocarlos con las manos mojadas. Además, utilice únicamente dispositivos eléctricos equipados con un enchufe de conexión a tierra. Evite forzar un enchufe en un enchufe que no funcione correctamente y reemplace los enchufes o enchufes dañados. Siempre use protectores contra sobretensiones para proteger los dispositivos eléctricos de picos de voltaje y nunca use cables de extensión para equipos de laboratorio permanentes. Los incendios eléctricos pueden ser causados por el contacto con productos químicos inflamables, pero también por circuitos sobrecargados. No use más de dos dispositivos eléctricos por tomacorriente, o use protectores contra sobretensiones para evitar sobrecargas. Además, mantenga los dispositivos eléctricos alejados de llamas abiertas para evitar que el cable se derrita. Sepa siempre la ubicación del extintor de incendios. En caso de un pequeño incendio eléctrico, utilice un extintor de CO2 o arena. Si es necesario usar un extintor de incendios, siga la regla PASS. Tira del alfiler primero. Luego tome la boquilla y apunte hacia la base del fuego y apriete el gatillo. Barre lentamente la boquilla de lado a lado para cubrir el área de combustión. En caso de un incendio grande, haga sonar la alarma de incendios, abandone el área inmediatamente y llame al 911. Si un trabajador de laboratorio ha recibido una descarga eléctrica, asegúrese de que la energía esté apagada y llame al 911. No toque a la víctima con la piel desnuda para evitar que actúe como un conducto para que la electricidad llegue a tierra. Utilice siempre materiales no conductores como madera, vidrio o caucho para ayudar a la persona que recibe una descarga eléctrica. Acabas de ver la introducción de JoVE a la seguridad eléctrica. Ahora debe comprender las medidas de seguridad contra los peligros de seguridad eléctrica, cómo estar preparado en caso de un accidente, qué hacer para evitar una descarga eléctrica e incendios eléctricos. ¡Gracias por mirar!

Education

Educación

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Biología básica

Lab Safety

Seguridad en el laboratorio

preventing lab electric shock and fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death.

Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing how to use electrical equipment safely, and how to respond in an emergency, is essential for preventing shock, fire, and explosion.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step. Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and...

chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

chemical-storage-categories-hazards-and-compatibilities

Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

Vacuum pumps are used in many laboratory procedures that need low pressure. They help create vacuum conditions for experiments and equipment that must run below normal atmospheric pressure. In the lab, vacuum pumps are the most common way to achieve this low-pressure environment. They can also support rapid changes in the atmosphere inside a reactor or flask. This is done by evacuating the vessel and then backfilling it with another gas.

operating the glovebox

Glovebox Atmosphere and Sample Transfer

A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

operation-of-high-pressure-reactor-vessels

Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment. Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment.

proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

Esta colección proporciona pautas de seguridad que deben seguirse cuando se trabaja con materiales y equipos peligrosos. Abarca temas generales tales como el uso de PPE, seguridad eléctrica y pautas generales de emergencia, así como algunos procedimientos de seguridad específicos para laboratorios de química y biología.

Learn how electrical hazards in the lab can cause shock, fire, or explosion, and why safe handling of powered equipment matters for high school labs.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Suprita Jharimune

Pennsylvania State University

Overview

Before Powering Up

Avoiding Electrical Shock

In Case of an Emergency

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

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