Name: centrifuge safety and sample separation
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:56:33.000Z
Duration: 7 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Working with Centrifuges

1. protocolo general para el uso seguro de la centrífuga <ol><li>el laboratorio supervisor o laboratorio oficial de seguridad debe velar por todos los usuarios están entrenados adecuadamente en la selección del rotor, tubo de la muestra y el funcionamiento adecuado de la centrifugadora de.</li>
	<li>Cualquier nuevo usuario debe ser supervisado de cerca por un usuario entrenado hasta que está seguro de cómo usar correctamente el instrumento.</li>
	<li>Antes de utilizar el instrumento, cada usuario debe leer y comprender las instrucciones de seguridad para la centrifugadora específica.</li>
	<li>Dependiendo de la muestra, se deben utilizar rotores compatibles.</li>
	<li>El rotor, el tubo y el eje deben ser limpia, seca y libre de grietas o deformidades.</li>
	<li>Los O-rings deben comprobarse cualquier desgaste o grietas de.</li>
	<li>Es importante asegurarse de que los tubos utilizados para la centrifugación son compatibles con la muestra y la velocidad de rotación (baja, alta o ultra).</li>
	<li>Los tubos de la centrífuga no deben llenarse más de tres cuartas partes de su nivel máximo.</li>
	<li>Los tubos deben estar cerrados herméticamente.</li>
	<li>Es extremadamente importante balancear los tubos frente a la unos a otros. No hacerlo así puede llevar a la separación incompleta y, en casos extremos, puede causar la dispersión de los contenidos del tubo en la cubierta de la centrífuga.</li>
	<li>Antes de encender la centrífuga, el rotor debe medirse para garantizar que se asiente correctamente en el disco y la tapa está bien cerrada.</li>
	<li>La tapa debe mantenerse cerrada en todo momento cuando la centrífuga está en funcionamiento y nunca debe ser abierta hasta que el rotor se detiene completamente.</li>
	<li>El operador debe permanecer en las proximidades de la centrifugadora hasta que ha llegado con seguridad a la velocidad de operación de destino. En el caso de sonidos extraños o vibraciones, el instrumento deberá ser inmediatamente apagado. Nunca se deben exceder el límite de velocidad del instrumento. Al apagar, permitir tiempo suficiente para que el rotor reducir la velocidad a la posición parada. Centrifugadoras modernas tienen indicadores que se suponen que es seguro abrir la centrífuga que.</li>
	<li>Una vez que la centrifugación es sobre, las muestras deben ser removidas y el instrumento debe revisarse cualquier vertido o derrame accidental. Si es necesario, el rotor debe limpiarse muy bien.</li>
</ol> 2. Precauciones y manejo de productos químicos peligrosos o materiales infecciosos <ol><li>al usar productos químicos peligrosos o muestras biológicas que podrían ser infecciosas, es importante que el instrumento mientras está en uso para alertar a otros trabajadores para la etiqueta del peligro.</li>
	<li>Guantes adecuados 1 se deben usar para manejar muestras peligrosas.</li>
	<li>Sellado tubos de seguridad deben ser utilizados. Es preferible utilizar confinamiento secundario, si está disponible, para los tubos de la centrífuga. Éstos son generalmente en forma de inserciones de plástico o vidrio que se colocan directamente en las cubetas de la muestra de la centrifugadora.</li>
	<li>Una vez terminada la centrifugación, los tubos se extrae el rotor y se abre sólo en lo humos campana o biológico gabinete de seguridad, según sea el caso.</li>
	<li>Limpieza, si es necesario, debe hacerse con extremo cuidado, para no exponer al operador de productos químicos peligrosos o materiales infecciosos. En caso de derrames de tales muestras, consulte el paso 3, situaciones de emergencia, por debajo de.</li>
	<li>Para tipos específicos de muestras peligrosas, puede ser preferible mantener procedimientos estándar y protocolos de limpieza en laboratorio. Estos deben ser revisados y actualizados por consiguiente, es necesario.</li>
</ol> 3. Situaciones de emergencia y sus medidas de seguridad una situación de emergencia puede surgir si el rotor funciona mal o si hay un derrame en la centrífuga debido a la rotura del tubo o por mal manejo. En tales situaciones, deben seguirse los pasos siguientes.
<ol><li>La centrífuga debe ser apagada inmediatamente y la tapa debe mantenerse cerrada hasta que otros notifican y evacuación el lugar. El poder debe ser terminado en el botón de encendido del instrumento. El botón estará ubicado en el frente, lado o detrás del instrumento. El usuario debe familiarizarse con su localización. Si el botón de encendido está fallando, entonces el usuario debe quitar el enchufe de alimentación principal de la toma.</li>
	<li>Para reducir el riesgo de aerosoles, a veces es mejor dejar la centrifugadora intacta de al menos 0,5 h. Consulte el documento técnico de centrífuga.</li>
	<li>Para limpieza de derrames, el operador debe estar bien familiarizado con la muestra y debería usar una vestimenta apropiada como bata, guantes, protector facial y gafas de seguridad.
	<ol><li>Una vez limpia, el material derramado debe eliminarse adecuadamente y la ropa de protección contaminada debe desecharse o limpiada correctamente. Manos y piel expuesta se deben lavar muy bien.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Si abiertamente expuesto a materiales altamente peligrosos, se debe llamar 911 o atención médica inmediata debe ser administrada a la persona afectada.</li></ol>
 4. mantenimiento de la centrifugadora Nota: el cuerpo de la centrifugadora se hace generalmente de metales que pueden corroer en presencia de humedad, productos químicos o detergentes fuertes. Para el mantenimiento apropiado de la centrífuga, se recomienda seguir cuidadosamente el fabricante &#39; instrucciones para la limpieza y mantenimiento. Aparte de eso, algunas medidas generales de mantenimiento a tener en cuenta son los siguientes.
<ol><li>La centrifugadora debe estar siempre limpios y secos.</li>
	<li>Cualquier tipo de derrames debe limpiarse inmediatamente.</li>
	<li>El rotor debe ser descontaminado después de su uso con materiales biológicos y radioactivos. Se recomienda utilizar 10% de lejía durante 30 minutos seguido de etanol al 70%, dejando el aire de rotor seco.</li>
	<li>Cepillo abrasivo cables nunca deben utilizarse para limpiar el rotor y asociados piezas.</li>
	<li>El rotor debe ser inspeccionado después de cada uso por el operador y por lo menos anualmente por el inspector fabricante.</li>
	<li>A libro de registro debe mantenerse para que cada centrífuga mantener un registro de usuarios, muestras y servicio de la historia. Además, se pueden incluir copias de cualquier material relacionado con la garantía en este cuaderno.</li>
</ol>

con el creciente uso de centrífugas de laboratorios y la industria, también ha aumentado el riesgo de peligros para el uso de centrifugadoras. Sin embargo, el tratamiento cuidadoso de los aparatos y conocimiento apropiado de sus uso y medidas de seguridad pueden mitigar sustancialmente accidentes. Se facilita una guía básica para el trabajo con centrífugas. Sin embargo, los procedimientos pueden variar ligeramente dependiendo de la máquina centrífuga particular. Por lo tanto, siempre es recomendable leer y entender el m...

trabajo con centrífugas

Fuente: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
 de la fuerza gravitacional de la tierra es capaz de separar mezclas heterogéneas. Sin embargo, muchos sistemas de evitar este tipo de separación debido a la longitud de tiempo requerida generalmente en estos casos. Centrifugación es una de las herramientas más poderosas para la separación de mezclas heterogéneas 1. Se trata de la aplicación de la fuerza centrípeta para la sedimentación de la fase más pesada, llevando a la separación de las dos fases y es una técnica comúnmente utilizada en ámbitos industriales y de laboratorio.
 en un proceso típico de la centrifugación, las partículas en suspensión en un fluido son giradas sobre el eje de la centrífuga de la rotación, causando una fuerza lejos del eje. Esta fuerza conduce las partículas a la parte inferior de lo portamuestras de centrífuga a una velocidad que es dependiente en el tamaño y la densidad de las partículas. Centrifugación es una técnica para acelerar el proceso de sedimentación.
 para garantizar la seguridad en el uso de una centrifugadora, el usuario debe ser adecuadamente entrenado y consciente de los peligros que pudieran derivarse de su uso. Las siguientes secciones presentan una discusión de manejo y seguridad al trabajar con centrifugadoras.

Trabajo con Centrífugas

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

La centrifugación es una de las herramientas más poderosas utilizadas en los laboratorios para la separación de mezclas heterogéneas, pero puede ser peligrosa y, por lo tanto, se deben aplicar precauciones de seguridad.Una centrífuga hace girar rápidamente las muestras para separar materiales heterogéneos, lo que induce fuerzas centrífugas extremas en las muestras y en el instrumento. Debido a la alta velocidad a la que opera una centrífuga, puede causar lesiones graves al usuario si se maneja incorrectamente. Por lo tanto, se debe tener especial cuidado al usar una centrífuga para evitar derrames y daños al equipo.Este video ilustrará el mecanismo de una centrífuga y cómo operar y mantener una de manera segura.Antes de entrar en los detalles de las medidas de seguridad, repasemos rápidamente los conceptos básicos de la centrifugación. Las centrífugas contienen un rotor alojado en un husillo. Por lo general, se pueden instalar rotores de diferentes tamaños en un solo husillo para acomodar diferentes botellas de muestra, tubos o bolsas. Un motor hace girar el rotor a unas RPM o revoluciones por minuto especificadas. Esto, a su vez, imparte la fuerza centrífuga sobre la mezcla heterogénea dirigida lejos del eje de rotación, lo que separa las partículas con diferentes densidades.Los diferentes tipos de centrífugas funcionan a diferentes RPM: las centrífugas de baja velocidad funcionan a menos de 10,000 RPM, las de alta velocidad hasta 21,000 y las ultracentrífugas hasta 30,000 y más. Cada tipo tiene diferentes rotores que son compatibles con él. Después de la carrera, un sistema de frenado generalmente reduce la velocidad del rotor. En cualquier centrífuga, la alta velocidad deforma el rotor.En uso normal, volverá a su tamaño anterior. Sin embargo, si la fuerza debida al giro excede la fuerza máxima que el rotor puede manejar, entonces podría deformarse permanentemente. Esto puede provocar grietas, que a su vez pueden provocar fallos graves. Las fallas de la centrífuga, por otro lado, pueden provocar fugas de muestras, lo que puede ser peligroso si se trata de materiales peligrosos y debe manipularse con cuidado. Ahora, le mostraremos cómo preparar muestras y usarlas de manera segura en la centrífuga.En primer lugar, seleccione los tubos de centrífuga adecuados que sean compatibles con las velocidades de rotación que desea utilizar. Consulta la documentación para conocer los límites del tubo. Los tubos deben estar intactos y libres de grietas. Llene cada uno a no más de 3/4 de su capacidad para evitar derrames. A continuación, asegúrese de que los tubos estén equilibrados y tápalos herméticamente.Al centrifugar muestras químicas o biológicas peligrosas, tome precauciones especiales. Use el equipo de protección adecuado y prepare las muestras en un entorno de trabajo adecuado, como una campana extractora o una cabina de flujo laminar. Para obtener más información sobre estas características de seguridad, consulte los videos de JoVE sobre las campanas extractoras.Si es necesario, use una contención secundaria para materiales peligrosos, como un inserto de vidrio o plástico. También se pueden utilizar tubos de seguridad sellados que proporcionan un entorno contenido. Todos deben estar capacitados antes de usar cualquier centrífuga o rotor.Seleccione un rotor apropiado para la centrífuga. Compruebe que el rotor y su tapa estén limpios y secos y no tengan grietas ni deformidades. Asegúrese de que las juntas tóricas del rotor o la cubierta no estén desgastadas. Además, revise el husillo de la centrífuga para ver si está doblado o tiene otras deformidades. A continuación, coloque el rotor en el husillo asegurándose de que esté correctamente asentado. Inserte las muestras en el rotor, asegurándose de que los tubos encajen perfectamente en el rotor.Coloque siempre tubos balanceados opuestos entre sí. Cubra el rotor, asegurándose de que el sello esté hermético. Cierre la tapa de la centrífuga e inicie su programa. Nuevamente, vea el video anterior de centrífugas de JoVE para obtener más información sobre cómo ejecutar un programa de centrífugas.Permanezca en la centrífuga hasta que haya alcanzado su velocidad máxima. Familiarícese con la ubicación del botón de encendido. Apague el botón de encendido si hay sonidos o vibraciones inusuales para detener la centrífuga inmediatamente. A continuación, evacúe el área inmediata hasta que el rotor se haya detenido. Una vez que se haya detenido, inspeccione las muestras en busca de derrames y el rotor en busca de anomalías o desequilibrios. Si no hubo problemas, espere hasta que la centrífuga haya completado su programa y se haya detenido por completo.Espere media hora adicional si hay productos químicos formadores de aerosoles. De lo contrario, puede abrirla centrífuga inmediatamente. Retire las muestras y llévelas de regreso a un área especializada para abrirlas si es necesario. En caso de derrame, limpie la centrífuga inmediatamente. Use el EPP adecuado para cualquier peligro presente y deseche los materiales contaminados de acuerdo con las pautas. No utilice alambres de cepillo abrasivos para limpiar, ya que pueden dañar el rotor. Alerte al personal de emergencia y no intente limpiar la centrífuga si se han derramado peligros que amenazan la vida.Descontamine el rotor con lejía al 10% para cualquier muestra biológica utilizada en la centrífuga, independientemente de si hay derrame o no. Deje reposar la lejía durante 30 minutos, luego enjuague con etanol al 70% y seque al aire. Por último, retire e inspeccione el rotor en busca de daños y anote su uso en el libro de registro.Acabas de ver la introducción de JoVE al uso de centrífugas. Ahora debe comprender cómo preparar sus muestras, así como cómo operar y mantener el instrumento.Gracias por mirar.

Education

Educación

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Biología básica

Lab Safety

Seguridad en el laboratorio

centrifuge safety and sample separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density.

This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time. Centrifugation is a powerful tool in laboratories and in industry because it helps separate the heavier phase from the lighter phase more quickly.

Safe use of a centrifuge is important because the machine can create hazards if it is not handled correctly. Users should be properly trained before operating it. The video focuses on centrifuge handling and safety so students can understand how the instrument works and how to use it responsibly.

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step. Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and...

chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

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Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

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proper operation of vacuum based equipment

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Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

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operating the glovebox

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A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

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Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

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proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

Esta colección proporciona pautas de seguridad que deben seguirse cuando se trabaja con materiales y equipos peligrosos. Abarca temas generales tales como el uso de PPE, seguridad eléctrica y pautas generales de emergencia, así como algunos procedimientos de seguridad específicos para laboratorios de química y biología.

Learn how centrifuges speed up sedimentation, separate heterogeneous mixtures, and why proper training and safety matter when using this lab tool.

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Basics of Centrifugation

Preparing samples for the centrifuge

Using and maintaining the centrifuge

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

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Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system translates sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes into information as thoughts and memories, forming ...

Molecular Models

Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

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