Free Outflow
Free Outflow - Related Videos
06:17
Murine Model of Central Venous Stenosis using Aortocaval Fistula with an Outflow Stenosis
0 Views •
Cited by 1 •
2019
An aortocaval fistula was created by puncturing the murine infra-renal aorta through both walls into the inferior vena cava and was followed by creation of a stenosis in its outflow via partial ligation of the inferior vena cava. This reproducible model can be used to study central venous stenosis.
17:31
Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter
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Cited by 25 •
2008
Measuring the yaw torque of tethered Drosophila with the torque meter allows the neuroscientist exquisite control of the stimulus situation of the experimental animal. Together with the unique genetic tools available in the fruit fly, this paradigm is used for a wide variety of neurobiological research.
14:22
Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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Cited by 9 •
2013
Radical-based biomimetic chemistry has been applied to building-up libraries necessary for biomarker development.
10:50
Propulsion and Thrust
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2023
Source: Alexander S Rattner; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA Aircraft, rockets, and ships produce propulsion by accelerating surrounding fluid or high temperature combustion products to high velocity. Because of the principle of conservation of momentum, the increased fluid velocity results in an effective thrust force on the vehicle. The thrust capabilities of propulsion systems are often measured with static thrust tests.
08:49
Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart
0 Views •
Cited by 4 •
2018
Here, we present a protocol using two centrifugal pumps as a total artificial heart replacement.
FAQs
Available pressure or elevation head is converted into kinetic energy as fluid approaches the outlet. Torricelli’s law provides an ideal velocity estimate based on that head, assuming losses do not reduce the conversion. This relationship lets engineers connect liquid level, pressure conditions, and expected outlet speed when evaluating tanks, openings, and hydraulic structures.
The ideal estimate does not fully represent viscous resistance, flow contraction, or losses caused by the outlet geometry. These effects reduce practical performance, so engineers use the discharge coefficient to relate ideal behavior to measured or expected discharge. Accounting for this difference improves predictions of flow rate and helps prevent overestimating hydraulic capacity.
The calculation depends on the outlet discharging into an environment where a closed receiving system does not impose downstream pressure. Under that condition, the available pressure or elevation head can drive the flow directly toward the outlet. If the receiving condition changes, the pressure difference used in the analysis must also be reconsidered.
First identify the available pressure or elevation head and the relevant opening, pipe, or channel geometry. Next estimate ideal outlet velocity with Torricelli’s law, then account for viscosity, contraction, and the discharge coefficient. The resulting analysis can be used to estimate flow rate, evaluate hydraulic capacity, and identify important energy losses.
Common applications include storage-tank drainage, nozzle discharge, gate openings, spillways, and open-channel structures. Each case uses the relationship between available head, outlet geometry, and actual discharge to assess how fluid leaves the system. The resulting estimates support design decisions involving capacity, operating behavior, and safe handling of discharged flow.
An assessment can estimate outlet velocity and flow rate while indicating how viscosity, contraction, and discharge characteristics affect performance. Engineers can use these results to compare expected hydraulic capacity with system requirements, quantify or account for energy loss, and evaluate whether drainage or discharge conditions support reliable and safe operation.