Direct Hybridization
Direct Hybridization - Related Videos
03:24
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I
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2020
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
03:35
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II
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2020
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization To describe the five bonding orbitals in a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement, we must use five of the valence shell atomic orbitals (the s orbital, the three p orbitals, and one of the d orbitals), which gives five sp3d hybrid orbitals. With an octahedral arrangement of six hybrid orbitals, we must use six valence shell atomic orbitals (the s orbital, the three p orbitals, and two of the d orbitals in its valence shell), which gives six sp3d 2 hybrid orbitals.
08:00
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization
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2023
Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a common technique used for visualizing the location of expressed RNAs in embryos. In this process, synthetically produced RNA probes are first complementarily bound, or "hybridized," to the transcripts of target genes. Immunohistochemistry or fluorescence is then used to detect these RNA hybrids, revealing spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression. Unlike traditional in situ hybridization techniques, which require thin tissue sections whose...
12:15
In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants
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Cited by 68 •
2011
The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.
12:15
Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections
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Cited by 7 •
2010
This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.
FAQs
Gamete fusion brings together hereditary material from both parents, while meiotic recombination reshuffles that material during gamete formation. These processes explain why hybrid progeny can carry parental traits in combinations that differ from either parent. In genetics, tracking those combinations helps researchers connect observed characteristics with inheritance patterns.
Recombination can place DNA from the two parents into new combinations within the same offspring. Consequently, progeny may display a mixture of parental characteristics rather than a simple copy of one parent. This variation gives breeders material to evaluate for useful performance and gives geneticists an opportunity to study how traits are inherited.
Choosing genetically distinct parents provides the cross with different heritable traits and DNA from both sides. Their combination creates progeny in which researchers can observe how characteristics are inherited and whether new trait combinations appear. Parent selection establishes the genetic contrast needed to evaluate variation rather than simply reproduce one existing parental profile.
Researchers compare traits observed among progeny with those of both parents to identify inheritance patterns and new combinations. This analysis does more than record appearance: it indicates which crosses generate useful variation and supports decisions about which offspring merit continued study. The same progeny can also provide material for genetic analysis.
Researchers first arrange a controlled pollination or mating between selected parents. After gamete fusion and formation of hybrid progeny, they evaluate the offspring for inherited characteristics and overall performance. Individuals showing desirable combinations can then be selected for further breeding or genetic analysis, linking the initial cross to a continuing research or breeding program.
Evaluation may focus on characteristics such as disease resistance, yield, or environmental tolerance, depending on the breeding objective. Researchers assess how these traits appear in the hybrid progeny and whether their combination improves performance. The results help distinguish crosses that merely produce offspring from those that offer useful material for selection and future breeding.
In genetics, the method supplies progeny for examining inheritance patterns, meiotic recombination, and the contribution of DNA from both parents. In plant breeding, it provides a way to combine desirable characteristics and increase usable variation. Researchers can then evaluate hybrid performance and retain offspring with combinations suited to further breeding or genetic analysis.