Overview
The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. Forle, the mass of helium (2 protons + 2 neutrons) is not precisely four times the mass of hydrogen (1 proton). Also, when multiple nucleons are confined in the nucleus, it causes an increase in the potential energy and a decrease in the mass (from the interconversion of mass and energy). This is the reason for a lower mass of 12C compared to the mass of six deuterium (2H) atoms, even though the total numbers of protons and neutrons are the same in both cases. Atomic masses are often expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), defined as the rest mass of a free, ground-state 12C atom divided by 12. (The unified atomic mass unit is also known as the dalton with the symbol Da. It is often called the 'atomic mass unit' with the symbol 'amu', which were the name and symbol of a similar unit based on oxygen that was replaced by the unified atomic mass unit.)…
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