Name: preventing lab electric shock and fires
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:56:27.000Z
Duration: 4 min 53 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Electrical Safety

1. Preparazione per i rischi elettrici
<ol><li>Avere familiarità con la posizione del pannello di controllo elettrico del laboratorio e sapere come spegnere l'alimentazione in caso di emergenza. Individuare la scatola dell'interruttore automatico in laboratorio e identificare il circuito in cui è collegata l'apparecchiatura elettrificata. Tutti gli interruttori automatici devono essere etichettati in modo appropriato, identificando l'area di laboratorio o l'apparecchiatura specifica a cui è associato.</li>
	<li>Avere familiarità con il tipo e la posizione (s) degli estintori in caso di incendio elettrico. Gli incendi elettrici (noti anche come incendi di classe C) richiedono un estintore contenente anidride carbonica. La posizione dell'estintore deve essere contrassegnata sopra la testa o con segnaletica a pavimento con frecce che indicano la posizione. Secondo l'OSHA, i 4 passaggi chiave per un uso corretto di un estintore sono3: a. Pull il perno. b. Aim l'ugello verso la base del fuoco. c. Squeeze il trigger per controllare il rilascio di agente. d. Spiangere da un lato all'altro.</li>
	<li>Ispezionare periodicamente tutte le apparecchiature elettriche di laboratorio per assicurarsi che tutte le apparecchiature e i relativi fili interni e periferici siano in condizioni di lavoro ottimali. Se i fili sono in cattive condizioni, farli riparare o sostituire da un elettricista qualificato. Può essere vantaggioso avere membri del gruppo assegnati a questo compito con i risultati della loro indagine forniti in un giornale di bordo associato allo strumento.</li>
</ol>2. Evitare scosse elettriche
<ol><li>Non toccare mai l'elettronica con le mani bagnate o materiali bagnati.</li>
	<li>Verificare che tutti i cavi di alimentazione siano in buone condizioni prima di accendere. Non devono essere utilizzati cavi sfilacciati o fili esposti. Far riparare o sostituire il cavo da un elettricista qualificato.</li>
	<li>Tenere i fili lontani da sostanze chimiche corrosive e solventi organici per evitare l'erosione dell'isolamento sui fili.</li>
	<li>Sostituire immediatamente prese, spine e giunti danneggiati o rotti per evitare ulteriori danni. Non tentare di forzare una spina in una presa in cui non si adatta.</li>
	<li>Spegnere l'alimentazione e scollegare il cavo di alimentazione prima di aprire il coperchio a qualsiasi dispositivo elettrico. Tenere presente che alcuni condensatori potrebbero essere ancora caricati anche ore dopo la rimozione del coperchio.</li>
	<li>Utilizzare solo apparecchiature con tappi di messa a terra in laboratorio. Le spine principali utilizzate per le apparecchiature di laboratorio includono monofase con terra di sicurezza, trifase con terra di sicurezza, centro monofase toccato con terra di sicurezza e trifase con neutro con terreno di sicurezza. Non forzare mai una spina in una presa. Verifica che siano compagni appropriati.</li>
	<li>Non utilizzare mai prolunghe per apparecchiature di laboratorio permanenti, ad eccezione dei personal computer o dell'uso temporaneo. Utilizzare dispositivi di protezione contro le sovratensioni per proteggere i dispositivi elettrici dai picchi di tensione. Evitare il "collegamento a margherita" delle prolunghe.</li>
	<li>Non correre mai il rischio di riparare problemi elettrici sconosciuti. Chiedi agli operatori elettrici qualificati di ispezionare o riparare eventuali problemi elettrici sconosciuti.</li>
	<li>Non toccare mai una persona che viene scossa elettricamente perché agirai come un condotto per l'elettricità per raggiungere il suolo. Chiama immediatamente il 911. Assicurati prima la tua sicurezza e poi spegni l'alimentazione, se possibile, o usa materiale non conduttivo come legno, vetro o gomma per allontanare la persona dal contatto elettrico.</li>
</ol>3. Evitare il fuoco elettrico o l'esplosione
<ol><li>Non sovraccaricare un circuito. Se un circuito è sovraccarico, la potenza, la corrente e la tensione effettive potrebbero superare il valore nominale e portare a un incendio. Se non è possibile determinare i valori nominali, consultare una persona in grado di determinare se il carico del circuito corrente supera i prelievi massimi consigliati.</li>
	<li>Conservare sostanze chimiche infiammabili ed esplosive lontano dai dispositivi elettrici. Le scintille generate dai dispositivi elettrici potrebbero causare un incendio o un'esplosione con sostanze chimiche infiammabili ed esplosive nelle vicinanze.</li>
	<li>Assicurarsi che tutti i dispositivi elettrici siano lontani da fonti di punti caldi (adesempio,una fiamma aperta) per prevenire la fusione e il fuoco elettrico.</li>
	<li>In caso di incendio elettrico, lasciare prima l'area e chiamare immediatamente il 911. Tirare l'allarme antincendio più conveniente e spegnere la fonte di alimentazione principale, se sicuro e possibile. Non usare mai acqua o un estintore a schiuma conduttiva. Usa invece sabbia o un estintore ad anidride carbonica.</li>
</ol>

I dispositivi elettrici sono ovunque in laboratorio. È essenziale seguire i principi di sicurezza elettrica per prevenire scosse elettriche, incendi elettrici o esplosioni. Preparati su quali misure dovrebbero essere prese in caso di emergenza. Identificare e contrassegnare la posizione degli estintori in laboratorio. Assicurati di utilizzare un estintore destinato a un incendio di classe C. Ricorda sempre di arrivare prima alla sicurezza personale e poi di spegnere l'alimentazione a eventuali dispositivi elettrici malfu...

sicurezza elettrica

Robert M. Rioux & Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Tra i molti pericoli presenti in laboratorio, i pericoli elettrici sono uno dei più comuni di cui dobbiamo essere consapevoli poiché la maggior parte delle apparecchiature di laboratorio che utilizziamo richiede elettricità per il funzionamento. La manipolazione o il funzionamento improprio dei dispositivi elettrici potrebbe portare a scosse elettriche con il potenziale rischio di lesioni o addirittura di morte. Le scintille elettriche possono portare a incendi o esplosioni (poiché molte sostanze chimiche infiammabili possono essere immagazzinate nelle vicinanze della strumentazione elettrificata). Pertanto, la conoscenza della sicurezza elettrica e cosa fare in caso di emergenza è essenziale per il personale di laboratorio. Le precauzioni possono essere impiegate quando si lavora in laboratorio per evitare scosse elettriche e incendi o esplosioni elettriche.

Sicurezza elettrica

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

La manipolazione sicura delle apparecchiature elettriche è importante quanto la manipolazione dei materiali chimici, tuttavia, la natura pericolosa dei dispositivi elettrici è spesso trascurata. Il funzionamento improprio di dispositivi alimentati elettricamente può potenzialmente causare lesioni o morte a causa di scosse elettriche. Inoltre, le scintille elettriche in laboratorio possono provocare incendi o esplosioni, soprattutto quando sostanze chimiche altamente infiammabili o potenzialmente esplosive sono collocate nelle immediate vicinanze. La prevenzione degli incidenti elettrici comporta l'ispezione dei cavi elettrici, il mantenimento dei cavi di alimentazione a distanze sicure da acqua o sostanze chimiche e la consapevolezza della situazione. Questo video illustrerà le precauzioni necessarie da adottare prima di utilizzare dispositivi alimentati elettricamente e le procedure utilizzate per prevenire o gestire incidenti e incendi elettrici legati a scosse elettriche. Prima di alimentare qualsiasi dispositivo elettrico, assicurarsi che il cavo di alimentazione sia in buone condizioni. Non utilizzare il dispositivo con un cavo sfilacciato o fili scoperti. Assicurarsi che il dispositivo si trovi su una superficie robusta, priva di ingombri o detriti per evitare che cada. Inoltre, tenere le sostanze chimiche infiammabili e corrosive a distanza di sicurezza dalle prese elettriche. Familiarizzare con l'arresto elettrico di emergenza e la scatola dell'interruttore automatico nel caso in cui sia necessario spegnere un dispositivo. Etichettare correttamente i circuiti a cui è collegata ciascuna presa elettrica. Ispezionare regolarmente tutte le apparecchiature elettriche di laboratorio verificando le condizioni di cablaggio. In caso di cavo danneggiato o dispositivo difettoso, far sostituire immediatamente le parti da personale esperto. Per evitare scosse elettriche, tenere i dispositivi collegati lontano da lavandini o vasche pieni d'acqua ed evitare di toccarli con le mani bagnate. Inoltre, utilizzare solo dispositivi alimentati elettricamente dotati di spina di messa a terra. Evitare di forzare una spina in una presa non adatta e sostituire eventuali prese o spine danneggiate. Utilizzare sempre dispositivi di protezione da sovratensione per proteggere i dispositivi elettrici da voltage picchi e non utilizzare mai prolunghe per apparecchiature di laboratorio permanenti. Gli incendi elettrici possono essere causati dal contatto con sostanze chimiche infiammabili, ma anche da circuiti sovraccarichi. Non utilizzare più di due dispositivi elettrici per presa o utilizzare dispositivi di protezione da sovratensione per evitare il sovraccarico. Inoltre, tenere i dispositivi elettrici lontani da fiamme libere per evitare la fusione del filo. Conoscere sempre la posizione dell'estintore. In caso di piccolo incendio elettrico, utilizzare un estintore a CO2 o sabbia. Se è necessario utilizzare un estintore, seguire la regola PASS. Tirare prima il perno. Quindi prendi l'ugello e punta verso la base del fuoco e premi il grilletto. Spazzare lentamente l'ugello da un lato all'altro per coprire l'area di combustione. In caso di incendio di grandi dimensioni, far suonare l'allarme antincendio, lasciare immediatamente l'area e chiamare il 911. Se un lavoratore di laboratorio ha subito una scossa elettrica, assicurarsi che l'alimentazione sia spenta e chiamare il 911. Non toccare la vittima con la pelle nuda per evitare di fungere da condotto per far raggiungere il suolo all'elettricità. Utilizzare sempre materiali non conduttivi come legno, vetro o gomma per aiutare la persona colpita da scosse elettriche. Hai appena visto l'introduzione di JoVE alla sicurezza elettrica. A questo punto è necessario comprendere le misure di sicurezza contro i rischi per la sicurezza elettrica, come essere preparati in caso di incidente, cosa fare per prevenire scosse elettriche e incendi elettrici. Grazie per l'attenzione!

Education

Didattica

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Biologia di base

Lab Safety

Sicurezza in Laboratorio

preventing lab electric shock and fires

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death.

Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing how to use electrical equipment safely, and how to respond in an emergency, is essential for preventing shock, fire, and explosion.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

emergency eyewash and shower stations

Laboratory Chemical Spill Response Stations

Laboratory chemical spill response stations help protect people who are exposed to injurious or corrosive substances. In workplaces and school labs, OSHA requires emergency eyewash and shower stations to be easy to reach when these hazards are present. These stations are used after an accident that spills a harmful chemical on the body or splashes it into the eyes. The eyewash station helps rinse the eyes, while the shower station is used for chemicals on the skin or clothing. They are meant...

electrical safety

Electrical hazards are a common lab safety concern. Most laboratory equipment uses electricity to work, so students and lab staff must stay alert around cords, plugs, and powered devices. Improper use of electrical equipment can cause electric shock. In serious cases, this can lead to injury or death. Electrical sparks are also dangerous in the lab. They can start a fire or trigger an explosion. This risk matters because many flammable chemicals may be stored near powered instruments. Knowing...

working with centrifuges

Centrifuge Safety and Sample Separation

Centrifuges are used to separate heterogeneous mixtures by spinning particles in a fluid at high speed. The motion creates a force away from the axis of rotation. Heavier particles move faster toward the bottom of the sample holder, and the rate depends on particle size and density. This process is called centrifugation, and it speeds up sedimentation, which is the settling of particles out of a liquid. Gravity can separate some mixtures on its own, but that can take a long time.

working with hot and cold sources

Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

Safe use of lab heat and cold sources is an important part of laboratory work. Extreme temperatures are common in many lab tasks. They can involve both high heat and very low temperatures. Bunsen burners and hot plates are widely used in research labs and industry. A Bunsen burner is a gas burner that gives a direct flame. A hot plate is an electric device that warms containers without an open flame. Because these tools reach high temperatures, users need to follow safe handling procedures. <br...

guidelines in case of a laboratory emergency

guidelines-in-case-of-a-laboratory-emergency

Lab Spill and Accident Response Basics

Lab spill and accident response basics help students stay safe during common laboratory emergencies. The most common lab emergencies include chemical spills, fire or explosion, electric shock, and personnel injuries. Many accidents happen because of poor planning or lack of attention, so prevention is always the first step. Good lab safety starts before an emergency happens. Students should wear proper personal protective equipment, or PPE, in the laboratory. Regular lab inspection and...

chemical storage: categories, hazards and compatibilities

chemical-storage-categories-hazards-and-compatibilities

Safe Chemical Labels and Storage Basics

Safe chemical storage and labeling help prevent dangerous reactions in school and research labs. Chemicals can vary widely in their properties and reactivity, so they must be managed, stored, and labeled correctly as part of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) program. If chemicals are not handled properly, they can create harmful or even destructive results. These risks include toxic fume production, fire, explosion, human fatality, property damage, and environmental hazards. Proper...

safe handling of mineral acids

Mineral Acids in the Lab

Mineral acids are common chemicals in research laboratories, and they must be handled with care. These acids, also called inorganic acids, are water-soluble acids formed from inorganic minerals by chemical reaction. Their corrosive nature makes them a major safety risk in the lab. Examples of mineral acids include boric acid, chromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid. These acids are important reagents in research, and...

handling chemical spills

Chemical Spill Safety in the Lab

Chemical spill safety in the lab is essential whenever hazardous chemicals are used. Spills can happen at any time during laboratory work. Even a small spill can become dangerous if people are not prepared to respond quickly and correctly. Preparing for a chemical spill helps protect public health and the environment. Lab teams need to know how to respond to accidental releases of hazardous chemicals before an emergency happens. Safe cleanup also depends on proper disposal of the spilled...

proper use of autoclaves

Autoclaving Lab Materials Safely

Autoclaving lab materials safely is an important part of decontamination in the laboratory. This method is commonly used for items that have contacted biological samples, especially those that may contain microorganisms. An autoclave cleans materials with pressurized steam at a high temperature. The steam and heat work together to kill microorganisms on the loaded items. For this reason, effective autoclaving depends on good steam flow and strong heat transfer. Packaging matters because it...

fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets

Airflow Controls for Safer Lab Workspaces

Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are airflow controls used in laboratories. They both rely on a constant stream of air to protect the lab environment and the people in it. These systems work in similar ways, but they serve different purposes. A fume hood is a ventilation system that helps reduce exposure to hazardous vapors, fumes, and particles. Air is drawn into the hood opening, which helps keep harmful substances inside the workspace. The air is then pulled out through the exhaust. A...

handling air- and water-sensitive chemicals using a schlenk line

handling-air-and-water-sensitive-chemicals-using-a-schlenk-line

Schlenk Line Setup for Inert Atmospheres

A Schlenk line helps chemists work with air- and water-sensitive chemicals. It provides an air-free way to handle reagents that can react with oxygen or moisture. This makes it useful in a chemical laboratory when careful control of the atmosphere is needed. The glass apparatus is commonly used because it can create an inert gas environment or a vacuum. Inert gases such as nitrogen and argon can be used to protect the reaction. The same setup can also expose glassware to vacuum when needed. A...

proper operation of vacuum based equipment

proper-operation-of-vacuum-based-equipment

Vacuum Pumps for Laboratory Procedures

Vacuum pumps are used in many laboratory procedures that need low pressure. They help create vacuum conditions for experiments and equipment that must run below normal atmospheric pressure. In the lab, vacuum pumps are the most common way to achieve this low-pressure environment. They can also support rapid changes in the atmosphere inside a reactor or flask. This is done by evacuating the vessel and then backfilling it with another gas.

operating the glovebox

Glovebox Atmosphere and Sample Transfer

A glovebox is an enclosed workspace that keeps an inert atmosphere inside. Scientists use built-in gloves to handle chemicals or equipment without exposing the inside of the box to outside air. The box uses positive pressure to help make up for small passive leaks. Objects can be moved in and out through an antechamber, which works like an airlock between the glovebox and the outside atmosphere. Some gloveboxes have more than one pair of gloves. The number of glove ports depends on the size...

operation of high-pressure reactor vessels

operation-of-high-pressure-reactor-vessels

Safe Use of Pressure Vessels in Chemistry

High-pressure reactor vessels are used in synthetic chemistry to handle gases safely during reactions. They help chemists carry out gas-based processes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, and amination. These reactions often use hydrogen, oxygen, or ammonia, which are important reagents in the lab. These gases usually dissolve poorly in standard reaction mixtures. Because of that, high pressure is needed to make the reaction proceed at a useful rate. The vessel creates a sealed space that keeps...

decontamination for laboratory biosafety

Lab Cleaning Methods for Biosafety

Laboratory cleaning methods are a key part of biosafety because microbial contamination can build up and spread disease. Decontamination is used to reduce that risk on lab surfaces and equipment. The level of cleaning depends on how much contamination is present and what kind of item needs treatment. Decontamination can be grouped into disinfection and sterilization. Disinfection removes pathogenic microorganisms, but it does not remove bacterial spores on lab surfaces or equipment.

proper waste disposal

Lab Waste Management and Safety

Lab waste management and safety are essential parts of any laboratory activity. Waste generated during work must be handled correctly from the moment it is created until it reaches its final offsite disposal facility. Poor waste disposal can seriously harm public health and the environment. A waste management system should be planned before any lab work begins. This system guides how waste is collected, stored, and prepared for removal. For hazardous waste, special rules apply because its...

lab safety

Questa collezione fornisce linee guida di sicurezza da seguire quando si lavora con materiali e attrezzature pericolosi. Copre argomenti universali come i DPI, la sicurezza elettrica e le linee guida generali per le emergenze, oltre ad alcune procedure di sicurezza specifiche per i laboratori di chimica e biologia.

Learn how electrical hazards in the lab can cause shock, fire, or explosion, and why safe handling of powered equipment matters for high school labs.

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Physics

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Suprita Jharimune

Pennsylvania State University

Overview

Before Powering Up

Avoiding Electrical Shock

In Case of an Emergency

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Preventing Lab Electric Shock and Fires

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