Name: choosing the right lab ppe
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:59:19.000Z
Duration: 5 min 37 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.C.

Proper Personal Protective Equipment

1. DPI minimi
<ol><li>Quando si entra in un laboratorio, è necessario indossare un minimo di DPI. Ciò include occhiali di sicurezza (discussi più avanti), pantaloni lunghi e scarpe chiuse. Ciò fornisce una protezione di base dai pericoli generali in laboratorio. Inoltre, i capelli lunghi dovrebbero essere legati all'indietro e i gioielli penzolanti non dovrebbero essere indossati.</li>
</ol>2. Guanti
<ol><li>Le tue mani sono spesso le parti del corpo più vicine ai pericoli in laboratorio. I guanti sono quindi una parte essenziale di DPI adeguati. Tuttavia, potrebbe non essere sempre immediatamente ovvio quali guanti sono adatti per il compito svolto. Una valutazione dei pericoli del compito può aiutare a determinare il corretto paio di guanti da indossare. La valutazione dei pericoli deve tenere conto di quanto segue:<ol>
<li>Chimico: La natura chimica del pericolo è molto importante nella scelta dei guanti appropriati. I materiali comuni per i guanti chimicamente resistenti includono gomma butilica, lattice, neoprene, gomma nitrilica, polietilene, alcool polivinilico e cloruro di polivinile. La scelta del materiale appropriato può spesso essere fatta facilmente consultando una tabella di compatibilità chimica (Ansell Occupational Healthcare, 2008). Nessun materiale è resistente al 100% a una sostanza chimica. Una sostanza chimica permeerà tutti i materiali, solo a velocità diverse. Quando si consulta una tabella di compatibilità chimica dei guanti, è necessario annotare il tempo di svolta. Questo è il tempo necessario affinché una sostanza chimica viaggi completamente attraverso un guanto inizialmente inutilizzato. I guanti devono essere cambiati di conseguenza quando si lavora per periodi superiori al tempo di svolta. Se un guanto si strappa o viene forato, il guanto deve essere rimosso e sostituito immediatamente. I fori nel guanto consentono la penetrazione diretta di sostanze chimiche attraverso il guanto, causando l'inefficacia del guanto.</li>
		<li>Fisico: i pericoli fisici possono includere temperature criogeniche o elevate, taglienti e forze meccaniche.</li>
		<li>Temperature criogeniche: per le temperature criogeniche, i guanti criogenici sono appropriati. I guanti criogenici vanno dalla lunghezza del polso alla spalla e sono spesso realizzati con una superficie esterna in nylon e una superficie interna in poliestere. La lunghezza dovrebbe essere scelta in base a ulteriori valutazioni del compito. La manipolazione dell'azoto liquido è una via comune di esposizione alle temperature criogeniche.</li>
		<li>Temperature elevate: per temperature elevate, sono appropriati guanti resistenti al calore. I guanti resistenti al calore sono disponibili in varie forme, dimensioni e materiali. I guanti resistenti al calore di base sono spesso realizzati in cotone, mentre i guanti resistenti al calore più avanzati sono realizzati con materiali come la gomma nitrilica e il Kevlar. Quando si scelgono guanti resistenti al calore, assicurarsi che la temperatura con cui si sta lavorando rientri nell'intervallo operativo dei guanti.</li>
		<li>Taglienti: quando si maneggiano aghi, rasoi, lame o qualsiasi altro tipo di oggetto che potrebbe tagliare o perforare la pelle, è necessario utilizzare guanti resistenti al taglio e alla puntura. I materiali comuni includono Kevlar e pelle. I guanti resistenti al taglio e alla foratura sono spesso dotati di piastre inserite.</li>
		<li>Forze meccaniche: i guanti resistenti agli urti devono essere indossati per la protezione contro le forze meccaniche. I guanti resistenti agli urti sono realizzati con imbottitura aggiuntiva, come schiuma o strati di gel.</li>
		<li>Radiazioni: quando si maneggia o si lavora vicino a materiale radioattivo, i guanti per attenuazione delle radiazioni sono appropriati. I guanti di gomma con piombo sono efficaci nel proteggere le mani dalle radiazioni (meglio con l'aumentare dello spessore), ma sono pesanti e difficili da lavorare. Le alternative comuni al piombo includono titanio, bismuto e tungsteno. Sebbene non siano efficaci nel schermare le radiazioni come il piombo, i materiali alternativi non devono essere smaltiti come rifiuti pericolosi come è richiesto dal piombo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. Protezione del viso
<ol><li>La protezione del viso è progettata per proteggere gli occhi e i polmoni da spruzzi chimici, vapori chimici, polveri sospese nell'aria, particelle volanti, radiazioni luminose intense, calore e gas nocivi. Esistono vari tipi di indumenti protettivi per il viso disponibili per prevenire danni agli occhi e ai polmoni, tra cui occhiali, occhiali, schermi facciali, respiratori e maschere antigas. La scelta dell'abbigliamento appropriato per il viso dovrebbe essere fatta in base ai tipi di pericoli associati al compito da svolgere. Gli occhiali di sicurezza fanno parte dei DPI minimi richiesti per entrare in uno spazio di laboratorio. Gli occhiali di sicurezza richiesti devono essere conformi allo standard ANSI Z87.1. Dovrebbero avere scudi laterali, essere resistenti agli urti, fornire protezione contro le particelle volanti e fornire una protezione di base contro gli schizzi chimici.</li>
</ol>La tabella 1 che segue presenta le scelte appropriate di usura protettiva del viso per un determinato pericolo. A seconda della gravità del pericolo, è possibile scegliere diversi livelli di protezione.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>Azzardo</td>
			<td>Metodo</td>
			<td>Fonte</td>
			<td>Protezione</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">Chimico</td>
			<td>Schizzare</td>
			<td>Liquidi, acidi/basi, soluzioni</td>
			<td>Occhiali, occhiali, visiera</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vapore/gas</td>
			<td>Solventi/solidi volatili, gas</td>
			<td>Occhiali, respiratore a gas per tutto il viso</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Polvere</td>
			<td>Particelle sospese nell'aria</td>
			<td>Polveri fini, nanoparticelle, levigatura, segatura</td>
			<td>Occhiali, occhiali con respiratore antiparticolato, respiratore antiparticolato integrale</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Impatto</td>
			<td>Particelle volanti, frammenti, oggetti</td>
			<td>Segatura, pistole per unghie</td>
			<td>Occhiali, occhiali, visiera</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Radiazione luminosa</td>
			<td rowspan="3">UV, IR, radiazioni visibili</td>
			<td>Saldatura a torcia, saldatura ad arco, saldatura a torcia</td>
			<td>Occhiali di saldatura, visiera di saldatura di tonalità appropriata</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Radiazioni UV, IR</td>
			<td>Occhiali</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Riflesso</td>
			<td>Occhiali colorati</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">Calore</td>
			<td>Particelle volanti, frammenti, scintille</td>
			<td>Rettifica, lavorazione a caldo</td>
			<td>Occhiali, occhiali, visiera</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Schizzare</td>
			<td>Metallo fuso, sali, solventi caldi</td>
			<td>Occhiali per visiera</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Esposizione</td>
			<td>Fiamme, oggetti caldi</td>
			<td>Occhiali, occhiali, visiera</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Biologico</td>
			<td>Particelle sospese nell'aria</td>
			<td>Campione biologico</td>
			<td>Occhiali, occhiali, visiera, occhiali con respiratore antiparticolato, respiratore antiparticolato integrale</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>Tabella 1: Selezione appropriata della protezione degli occhi per un determinato tipo di pericolo.
<ol start="2"><li>Gli occhiali da vista comuni non sono una protezione del viso appropriata quando sono in laboratorio. Gli occhiali da vista hanno fornito una protezione molto limitata dagli schizzi e normalmente non sono resistenti agli urti. È possibile ottenere occhiali di sicurezza da prescrizione o indossare indumenti protettivi per il viso sopra gli occhiali.</li>
</ol>4. Corpo
<ol><li>Cappotti da laboratorio e grembiuli sono indossati per proteggere il tuo corpo dai pericoli in laboratorio. I cappotti da laboratorio dovrebbero essere realizzati in materiale ignifugo, abbottonati e ben adattati. I cappotti da laboratorio sbottonati o troppo sciolti rischiano di essere catturati dalle cose in laboratorio. Quando è necessaria un'ulteriore protezione, viene indossato un grembiule di gomma. I grembiuli di gomma non assorbono gli schizzi e forniscono una migliore protezione contro il calore.</li>
</ol>5. Audizione
<ol><li>La protezione dell'orecchio è necessaria se esposti a rumori forti o rumori continui per lunghi periodi di tempo. A seconda del livello di rumore, devono essere indossati tappi per le orecchie o paraorecchie.</li>
</ol>

adeguati dispositivi di protezione individuale

Robert M. Rioux & William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
I pericoli sono molti e vari in laboratorio, ma la giusta scelta di DPI può rendere il laboratorio un luogo sicuro in cui lavorare.

Adeguati dispositivi di protezione individuale

Robert M. Rioux &#38; William A Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Hazards are many and varied in the laboratory, but the right ...

I rischi in laboratorio sono molteplici, ma la giusta scelta dei dispositivi di protezione individuale può renderlo un luogo di lavoro più sicuro. I dispositivi di protezione individuale, o DPI, aiutano a proteggere le persone dai pericoli. Include un abbigliamento da laboratorio adeguato, oltre a articoli come guanti, occhiali di sicurezza, schermi facciali e camici da laboratorio. I DPI che indossi dipendono dal pericolo specifico presente. Inoltre, sono necessarie attrezzature specializzate per situazioni come freddo estremo, caldo estremo e radioattività. In questo video, ti mostreremo come vestirti per il laboratorio, oltre ad alcuni DPI specializzati. Quando si entra in un laboratorio, indossare i DPI minimi. Ciò include una maglietta a maniche lunghe, pantaloni lunghi e scarpe chiuse. Indossa un camice da laboratorio ignifugo, che si adatta bene ed è abbottonato, poiché i camici larghi rischiano di impigliarsi negli oggetti. Se hai bisogno di ulteriore protezione da schizzi o calore, indossa un grembiule di gomma. Indossare sempre occhiali di sicurezza in laboratorio. Questi dovrebbero avere scudi laterali, essere resistenti agli urti e fornire protezione contro particelle volanti e schizzi di sostanze chimiche. Gli occhiali da vista non forniscono queste protezioni, quindi è necessario indossare anche occhiali protettivi. Infine, per evitare di impigliarti in un oggetto, togli tutti i gioielli pendenti, come gli orecchini, e lega i capelli lunghi. I guanti sono una parte essenziale dei DPI, poiché le mani sono spesso la parte del corpo più vicina ai pericoli. Esistono molti tipi di guanti resistenti agli agenti chimici, tra cui lattice, nitrile, neoprene, polietilene e cloruro di polivinile. Il tipo di guanto che indossi dipende dalle sostanze con cui lavorerai. Per decidere quale guanto indossare, consultare una tabella di compatibilità chimica. La tabella fornisce informazioni sulla resistenza del guanto a vari prodotti chimici. Inoltre, elenca il tempo di penetrazione, che è il tempo necessario a una sostanza chimica per permeare il guanto. Diversi pericoli fisici richiedono diversi tipi di guanti. I guanti criogenici sono più lunghi dei guanti normali e sono costituiti da uno strato esterno in nylon e uno strato interno in poliestere. Utilizzare questi guanti quando si maneggiano materiali estremamente freddi come l'azoto liquido. I guanti di base resistenti al calore sono realizzati in cotone, mentre quelli più avanzati sono realizzati in gomma nitrilica o Kevlar. Quando si utilizzano questi guanti, assicurarsi che la temperatura rientri nell'intervallo di funzionamento dei guanti. I guanti resistenti al taglio e alla perforazione possono essere realizzati in Kevlar o pelle e possono avere piastre inserite. Usa questi guanti quando maneggi oggetti come gli aghi. Quando si lavora con forze meccaniche elevate, utilizzare guanti resistenti agli urti. Questi hanno un'imbottitura aggiuntiva, come strati di schiuma o gel. Infine, le radiazioni richiedono speciali guanti di attenuazione. I guanti di gomma con piombo offrono la massima protezione, ma sono difficili da lavorare e devono essere smaltiti nei rifiuti pericolosi. I guanti rivestiti con altri metalli come il tungsteno sono più facili da lavorare, ma non forniscono la stessa protezione. Gli occhiali di sicurezza forniscono una protezione sufficiente per molte attività, ma a volte è necessaria una protezione del viso più consistente. Se stai lavorando con sostanze che emettono particelle fini sospese nell'aria, usa un respiratore per proteggere i polmoni. Quando si lavora con sostanze chimiche pericolose che possono schizzare, materiali che causano scintille o calore, utilizzare occhiali protettivi o una visiera integrale. Per le radiazioni ultraviolette, infrarosse o visibili intense, utilizzare occhiali ombreggiati o una visiera ombreggiata. Inoltre, è necessario utilizzare protezioni per le orecchie quando si è esposti a livelli di rumore superiori a 85 decibel. Sia i tappi per le orecchie che le cuffie riducono il livello di rumore da 15 a 30 decibel. Utilizzare entrambi contemporaneamente se il rumore supera i 105 decibel. Infine, i DPI non sempre forniscono una protezione sufficiente dai pericoli e anche i controlli ingegneristici come le cappe chimiche riducono i rischi. Hai appena visto l'introduzione di JoVE ai dispositivi di protezione individuale. Ora dovresti comprendere l'abbigliamento di base da laboratorio, i guanti e la protezione del viso. Grazie per l'attenzione!

Education

Didattica

JoVE Science Education

Basic Biology

Biologia di base

Lab Safety

Sicurezza in Laboratorio

choosing the right lab ppe

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present.

Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab.

This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit exposure to common risks.

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

proper personal protective equipment

Choosing the right lab PPE is a key part of working safely in a laboratory. PPE, or personal protective equipment, helps reduce risk when hazards are present. Laboratory hazards can be many and varied. The right choice of PPE helps make the lab a safe place to work. Students should match their protective gear to the tasks and conditions in the lab. This topic focuses on selecting proper protection for the situation at hand. Wearing the correct PPE supports safer lab work and helps limit...

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electrical safety

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Safe Use of Lab Heat and Cold Sources

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proper waste disposal

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lab safety

Questa collezione fornisce linee guida di sicurezza da seguire quando si lavora con materiali e attrezzature pericolosi. Copre argomenti universali come i DPI, la sicurezza elettrica e le linee guida generali per le emergenze, oltre ad alcune procedure di sicurezza specifiche per i laboratori di chimica e biologia.

Learn how choosing the right personal protective equipment helps make the laboratory safer when students face many different hazards during lab work.

Choosing the Right Lab PPE | JoVE K12

Chemistry

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.C

Biology

BIO.1

BIO.1.C

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.C

Robert Rioux

Overview

Basic Personal Protective Equipment

Hand Protection

Face and Ear Protection

Summary

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

Ask questions and define problems related to specialized topics of study based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;

112.51.c.1.A.

Scientific Method

The scientific method is used to solve problems and explain phenomena. The development of the scientific method coincided with changes in philosophy ...

Demonstrating the Scientific Method with Tree Branches
ExpandObtain branches containing a few dozen typical leaves from five different local tree species. ...

Observation and Background Research
ExpandNOTE: The first two steps in the scientific process involve studying and observing natural phenomena of ...

Problem-Solving

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. It involves trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, and insights. Effective ...

Problem Definition

Problem definition is the initial and the most essential step in research.
The researcher identifies and explains the specific issue or gap to be ...

Apply science practices related to specialized topics of study to plan and conduct investigations or use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;

112.51.c.1.B.

Emergency Eyewash and Shower Stations

Robert M. Rioux, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that an emergency ...

Electrical Safety

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Among the many hazards present in the laboratory, electrical ...

Working with Centrifuges

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating ...

Working with Hot and Cold Sources

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Working with extreme temperatures, both high and low, ...

Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The most common laboratory emergencies include chemical spills, ...

Chemical Storage: Categories, Hazards And Compatibilities

Source: Robert M. Rioux &amp; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
While the use of various chemicals in experimental ...

Safe Handling of Mineral Acids

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is defined as a ...

Handling Chemical Spills

Source: Robert M. Rioux &#38; Taslima Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Since chemicals are commonly used for laboratory research ...

Proper Use of Autoclaves

Robert M. Rioux &amp; Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Autoclaving is one of the most commonly used methods in the ...

Fume Hoods and Laminar Flow Cabinets

Robert M. Rioux &amp; William A. Elliott, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Fume hoods and laminar flow cabinets are engineering controls ...

Decontamination for Laboratory Biosafety

Robert M. Rioux and Zhifeng Chen, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Decontamination is essential for laboratory biosafety, as the ...

Proper Waste Disposal

Robert M. Rioux and Taslima A. Zaman, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA

Users are responsible for the proper disposal of the waste ...

Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
Glassware is a regular appearance in the professional ...

Lab Techniques

Measurement Accuracy
The ability to repeat an experiment and get the same results, or reproducibility, is essential in scientific research. However, ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Preparation of LaboratoryExpand
	Here we show the laboratory preparation for 10 students ...

Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA

	Determining the Density of an EggExpand
	Density is a measure of how compact a substance or ...

Proper Lab Notebook Keeping

Organic Lab Notebook Keeping
Record keeping is a vital skill in science and organic chemistry labs. Without proper notes, descriptions, quantities, or ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Preparation of the LaboratoryExpand
	Here, we show the laboratory preparation ...

Source: Lara Al Hariri and Ahmed Basabrain at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA

	Nitration of Methyl BenzoateExpand
	From this lab onward, ...

Use tools appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.D.

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is integral to analytical chemistry. Each record comprises a number &#8211; denoting the magnitude&#160; &#8211; and the unit &#8211; a ...

International System of Units

The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is ...

Measurement: Standard Units

Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement ...

Measurement: Derived Units

The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, ...

Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) or qualitative data as evidence as appropriate to the specialized topic of study;

112.51.c.1.E.

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative ...

What is a Frequency Distribution

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the ...

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

A cumulative frequency distribution is another type of frequency distribution. Instead of reporting how many data values fall in some classes, it reports ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Organize quantitative or qualitative data using representations appropriate to the specialized topic of study such as scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, diagrams, scientific drawings, and student-prepared models;

112.51.c.1.F.

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

design-example-creating-a-hydraulic-model-of-a-dam-spillway

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Models, Theories, and Laws

Scientists frequently use models to help them comprehend a specific collection of phenomena. In physics, a model is a condensed version of a physical ...

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Concepts and Prototypes

The human nervous system translates sensory stimuli into neural impulses, which the brain processes into information as thoughts and memories, forming ...

Develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems as appropriate to the specialized topic of study; and

112.51.c.1.G.

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to explain phenomena or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Choosing the Right Lab PPE

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