Name: how eukaryotic gene repressors work
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:37.000Z
Duration: 1 min 52 s
Channel: JoVE

Gli inibitori della trascrizione sono in grado di reprimere la trascrizione di un gene. Hanno un dominio distinto che si lega a sequenze regolatrici sul DNA e un altro dominio che reprime la trascrizione. Queste proteine possono inibire la trascrizione attraverso vari meccanismi.Il più semplice è bloccare un attivatore dal legarsi alla sua sequenza regolatrice cis attraverso uno tra molteplici meccanismi. In alcuni casi, l'inibitore, in modo competitivo si lega alla sequenza regolatrice, impedendo così il legame dell'attivatore. In altri, l'inibitore si lega ad un sito vicino al sito di legame dell'attivatore, ed il suo dominio di repressore interagisce con l'attivatore per evitare che si leghi alla sequenza regolatrice.Un inibitore può anche legarsi in modo competitivo, ai siti di legame dei fattori di trascrizione generale, sul DNA, e bloccare l'assemblaggio del macchinario trascrizionale. Gli inibitori possono anche legarsi alle proprie sequenze di regolazione inibitorie cis, impedendo l'inizio della trascrizione, anche in presenza di un attivatore, nella regione regolatrice. Uno dei meccanismi più comuni usato dagli inibitori di trascrizione è quello di usare il suo dominio repressor per reclutare proteine conosciute come co-repressori.I co-repressori hanno spesso attività enzimatiche che possono inibire la trascrizione. Molti co-repressori funzionano come istone deacetilasi, istone metiltransferasi, e altri rimodellatori di cromatina. Queste modifiche portano all'impacchettamento stretto del DNA nel nucleosoma e limitano l'accesso dei fattori di trascrizione e della polimerasi ai loro siti di regolazione, inibendo così 00:01:48.100.01 50.880 la trascrizione.

<ol>
	<li>Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Biologia cellulare molecolare. 4a edizione. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Sezione 10.7, Meccanismi molecolari del controllo trascrizionale eucariotico. Disponibile dal: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21677/</li>
	<li>Hanna-Rose, W., & Hansen, U. (1996). Meccanismi di repressione attiva dei repressori eucariotici della trascrizione. Tendenze in genetica, 12(6), 229–234. DOI:10.1016/0168-9525(96)10022-6</li>
	<li>Renkawitz, R. (1990). Repressione trascrizionale negli eucarioti. Tendenze in genetica, 6, 192–196. DOI:10.1016/0168-9525(90)90176-7</li>
</ol>

inibitori della trascrizione eucariotica

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Alcuni processi biochimici, come lo sviluppo embrionale e la regolazione della crescita cellulare, dipendono dalla repressione di geni specifici. Le proteine leganti il DNA note come inibitori della trascrizione eucariotica regolano la repressione dell'espressione genica negli eucarioti. La presenza di questi inibitori nel luogo e nel momento richiesti nella cellula è innescata dalla presenza di ormoni e da segnali aggiuntivi provenienti da altre cellule.

Gli inibitori della trascrizione eucariotica solitamente contengono due domini distinti, un dominio di legame al DNA e un dominio repressore. I domini repressori degli inibitori della trascrizione possono legarsi ad altre proteine, come regolatori trascrizionali basali, attivatori, co-attivatori e co-repressori. I domini di repressione possono essere vagamente classificati sulla base dei loro amminoacidi costituenti, come domini ricchi di alanina, domini ricchi di glutammina e domini ricchi di prolina. Possono anche essere classificati come domini acidi o basici e come idrofili o idrofobi. Questi domini sono spesso intercambiabili e diversi domini repressori possono associarsi allo stesso dominio di legame del DNA.

Gli inibitori della trascrizione eucariotica possono svolgere la loro funzione attraverso tre meccanismi principali: inibizione del legame del DNA, blocco dell’attivazione e silenziamento genico.

L'inibizione del legame del DNA impedisce all'attivatore di legarsi al promotore o al sito potenziatore, oppure può impedire al complesso di inizio della trascrizione di legarsi al sito di inizio della trascrizione o alla TATA box. Ciò potrebbe avvenire sia attraverso il legame dell'inibitore al sito regolatorio o iniziale, sia attraverso l'associazione del dominio inibitorio con attivatori, co-attivatori o proteine coinvolte nel meccanismo di trascrizione. Ad esempio nell'uomo, l'inibitore della trascrizione NF-E si lega alla casella CCAAT del gene della γ-globina fetale e inibisce il legame dell'attivatore CP1.

Il blocco dell'attivazione impedisce al segnale proveniente da un attivatore di trascrizione legato a un promotore o potenziatore di raggiungere il sito di inizio della trascrizione. Ciò può verificarsi quando un inibitore si lega a un sito adiacente al promotore o al potenziatore, come nella regolazione di c-myc dove l'inibitore myc-PRF si lega accanto al promotore. Può anche verificarsi attraverso il legame dell'inibitore con un attivatore legato al DNA. Questo tipo di repressione si verifica quando l'inibitore GAL80 nel lievito si lega all'attivatore GAL4 quando è legato al promotore.

Il silenziamento genico si verifica quando l'inibitore blocca o disorganizza il complesso di inizio della trascrizione legandosi contemporaneamente a una delle proteine che costituiscono il meccanismo e a un sito sul DNA vicino al sito di inizio della trascrizione, ancorando così il meccanismo di trascrizione. Ad esempio, nei lieviti l'inibitore α-2 inattiva i geni specifici del tipo a di accoppiamento legandosi come dimero all'attivatore GRM e alle sequenze di DNA confinanti con il sito di legame di GRM.

Inibitori della trascrizione eucariotica

Alcuni processi biochimici, come lo sviluppo embrionale e la regolazione della crescita cellulare, dipendono dalla repressione di geni specifici.

Education

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JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biologia Molecolare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Gene Expression

Espressione genica

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how eukaryotic gene repressors work

Eukaryotic gene repressors help turn specific genes off when the cell needs to control growth, development, or other biochemical processes. These DNA-binding proteins regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Their presence at the right time and place can be triggered by hormones and signals from other cells.

Most transcription inhibitors have two main parts. One part binds DNA, and the other is a repressor domain, which helps shut down transcription. Repressor domains can connect with basal transcription regulators, activators, co-activators, and co-repressors.

These repression domains are often grouped by their amino acids, such as alanine-rich, glutamine-rich, and proline-rich domains. They can also be described as acidic or basic, and as hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Different repressor domains can often be swapped onto the same DNA-binding domain.

Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors act through three main mechanisms: inhibiting DNA binding, blocking activation, and gene silencing. Inhibiting DNA binding stops an activator from attaching to a promoter or enhancer, or it prevents the transcription initiation complex from binding the transcription start site or the TATA box. This can happen when the inhibitor binds the regulatory site or start site, or when its inhibitory domain interacts with activators, co-activators, or other transcription machinery proteins.

One example is NF-E in humans. It binds the CCAAT box of the fetal gamma-globin gene and blocks the activator CP1 from binding. Blocking activation works differently. The inhibitor can bind next to a promoter or enhancer, as in c-myc regulation, where myc-PRF binds beside the promoter. It can also bind to an activator already attached to DNA. In yeast, GAL80 binds GAL4 when GAL4 is bound to the promoter.

Gene silencing happens when the inhibitor locks or disrupts the transcription initiation complex. It does this by binding both a protein in the machinery and a DNA site near the transcription start site, which anchors the complex. In yeast, the alpha-2 inhibitor works this way to turn off mating type a-specific genes. It binds as a dimer to the activator GRM and to DNA sequences beside the GRM binding site.

How Eukaryotic Gene Repressors Work

cell specific gene expression

How Cells Switch Genes On and Off

Cells switch genes on and off to make different proteins for different jobs. In multicellular organisms, many cell types are built from the same DNA, but they do not use the same genes in the same way. This difference in gene expression helps explain why cells can look and act so differently. Liver cells are a clear example. They help detoxify blood, make bile to help digest fats, and produce proteins needed for metabolism. To do these jobs, liver cells must express a specific set of genes.

regulation of expression occurs at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-occurs-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several points between DNA and protein. The most common control point is transcription. At this stage, proteins bind to short regulatory DNA sequences and can either increase or reduce transcription of the linked gene. After transcription, a precursor mRNA is made. This pre-mRNA contains exons, which code for protein, and introns, which do not. It must be processed before translation, and splicing removes the introns and joins the exons. Cells can also regulate...

cis-regulatory sequences

How Cis-Regulatory DNA Controls Transcription

Cis-regulatory sequences are short, non-coding DNA segments that control gene transcription. They sit on the same chromosome as the genes they regulate and act as binding sites for transcriptional regulators. In eukaryotes, these proteins help control gene expression patterns in different cell types. These DNA sequences can be close to a gene or thousands of bases away. When they are far from the gene in the DNA sequence, they are often brought close together in space because chromosomes are...

cooperative binding of transcription regulators

cooperative-binding-of-transcription-regulators

How Transcription Factors Bind DNA

Transcriptional regulators bind to cis-regulatory DNA sequences to control gene transcription. These DNA sequences are very short, usually fewer than ten nucleotide pairs long. Because they are so short, the same sequence can appear by chance in many places across the genome. Some regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences. That raises the chance of random binding even more. To lower this risk, transcription regulators often form dimers, which are pairs of proteins that bind a DNA...

prokaryotic transcriptional activators and repressors

prokaryotic-transcriptional-activators-and-repressors

Operon Control by Activators and Repressors

Operon control in prokaryotes depends on activators and repressors. Prokaryotic genes are often arranged in groups, not one by one like in eukaryotes. Genes that help carry out the same biochemical process are placed together with their regulatory elements. This group is called an operon, and it is transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA strand. Activators and repressors are DNA-binding proteins that control transcription in an operon. Activators bind near the promoter, which is the site...

operons

Operons in Bacterial Gene Control

Operons help bacteria control groups of genes at the same time. An operon is a set of genes that are regulated together and can be turned on or off as a unit. This shared control helps bacteria respond quickly to changes in their environment. In many operons, a promoter gives RNA polymerase a place to bind and start transcription. The operon also includes a regulatory region that helps control whether the genes are expressed. When conditions change, the cell can use this setup to manage gene...

the eukaryotic promoter region

Eukaryotic Promoter Motifs and Gene Control

The eukaryotic promoter region is a stretch of DNA located upstream of a gene. It includes an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. These DNA signals help control when transcription begins. The promoter can be divided into proximal and distal regions. The proximal promoter lies close to the gene and includes cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the RNA polymerase binding site, and it is usually found...

co-activators and co-repressors

Chromatin Control in Gene Transcription

Chromatin control plays a major role in gene transcription in eukaryotes. Gene expression is regulated by several proteins that work together at a gene regulatory site. Some of these proteins bind directly to specific DNA sequences, while co-regulators attach to those regulators but do not bind DNA on their own. Co-regulators can act as co-activators or co-repressors, depending on the complex they join. One co-regulator may even switch roles in different settings. For example, the...

eukaryotic transcription activators

How Transcription Activators Turn Genes On

Transcription activators are proteins that help turn genes on by promoting transcription from DNA to RNA. They often have two parts. One part binds to DNA, and the other part activates transcription. In some proteins, such as the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD, one domain can do both jobs. The DNA-binding part recognizes specific regulatory sequences on the DNA. These binding domains are grouped into families based on their structure. Common examples include the leucine zipper, zinc finger,...

eukaryotic transcription inhibitors

Eukaryotic gene repressors help turn specific genes off when the cell needs to control growth, development, or other biochemical processes. These DNA-binding proteins regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Their presence at the right time and place can be triggered by hormones and signals from other cells. Most transcription inhibitors have two main parts. One part binds DNA, and the other is a repressor domain, which helps shut down transcription. Repressor domains can connect with basal...

combinatorial gene control

Gene Expression by Transcription Factor Combinations

Gene expression can depend on combinations of transcription factors working together. In combinatorial gene control, several transcription factors act in a coordinated way to regulate a single gene. If one or more of these factors are missing, the level of gene expression or repression can change a lot. This kind of control helps explain how a relatively small number of transcription factors can regulate a very large number of genes. More than 30,000 genes are controlled by about 2,000 to...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Cells into Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells are created by reprogramming mature cells back into a stem-cell state. This process shows that specialized cells can be changed into cells with broader developmental potential. The topic is important in biology because it links cell identity, gene control, and stem cell research. These cells begin as ordinary body cells and are pushed to de-differentiate, or lose their specialized features. After reprogramming, they behave like pluripotent stem cells, which means...

master transcription regulators

MEF2C and Gene Control Cascades

MEF2C is a master transcription regulator that controls gene expression in coordinated cascades. These regulators are proteins that manage the activity of multiple genes that often work together to produce a complex outcome. When a master transcription regulator is activated, it can start a chain of transcriptional activation that supports that outcome. Master transcription regulators can act in two main ways. They may bind directly to the regulatory sequences of several genes involved in a...

epigenetic regulation

DNA Methylation and Histone Changes

Epigenetic regulation controls gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. It helps determine when genes are turned on or off in a cell. Two major epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation and histone modification. DNA methylation adds chemical groups to DNA, while histone changes affect how tightly DNA is packed around histone proteins. These changes can make genes easier or harder to use. In high school biology, epigenetic regulation is important for understanding how cells with the...

genomic imprinting and inheritance

Genomic Imprinting in Human Disease

Genomic imprinting affects how some inherited genes are turned on or off in human cells. Diploid organisms inherit chromosomes from both parents, and each gene usually has two alleles. In most cases, both alleles are expressed. If one allele is missing or mutated, the other can often compensate, but some genes do not work that way. In genomic imprinting, a gene or its regulatory sequence carries chemical tags, such as methyl groups, on the copy inherited from only one parent. These tags are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how eukaryotic gene repressors control transcription through DNA binding, blocking activation, and gene silencing, with clear examples from humans and yeast.

How Eukaryotic Gene Repressors Work | JoVE K12

molecular biology

Le video animazioni di JoVE Core Molecular Biology, organizzate in video lezioni, illustrano i processi molecolari cellulari in maniera chiara e concisa. Inoltre, nei video di "scienziati in azione", i concetti scientifici vengono applicati e dimostrati da ricercatori attraverso esperimenti in laboratorio.

How Eukaryotic Gene Repressors Work

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