The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action…

Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of…

The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and…

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or…

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's…

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity,…

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma…

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains…

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped…

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the…

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this…

Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport…

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide…

The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a…

F1-ATPase is a membrane-extrinsic catalytic subcomplex of F-type ATP synthase, an enzyme that uses the proton motive force across biological…

The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is a P-type ATPase that has been crystallized in various conformations. Detailed functional…

The fruit fly midgut consists of multiple regions, each of which is composed of cells that carry out unique physiological functions required for the…