Efflux Time
Efflux Time - Related Videos
07:54
Cholesterol Efflux Assay
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Cited by 74 •
2012
The cholesterol assay is designed to quantitate the rate of cholesterol efflux from cultured cells and the capacity of plasma acceptors to accept cholesterol released from cells. The assay consists of labelling cells with cholesterol, equilibration of cholesterol among intracellular pools and release of cholesterol to an extracellular acceptor.
07:47
A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters
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Cited by 5 •
2015
Proteoliposomes are used to study purified channels and transporters reconstituted in a well-defined biochemical environment. An experimental procedure to measure efflux mediated by these proteins is illustrated. The steps to prepare proteoliposomes, perform the recordings, and analyze data to quantitatively determine the functional properties of the reconstituted protein are described.
05:22
Cancer Side Population Discrimination Assay: A Method to Isolate Cancer Stem-like Cells Using Hoechst Dye Efflux Assay
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2023
In this video, we describe the isolation of a subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells from head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines using fluorescence-activated cell sorter or FACS. The isolated side population of cells can be used for further downstream analysis.
05:06
Characterizing Multidrug Efflux Systems in Acinetobacter baumannii Using an Efflux-Deficient Bacterial Strain and a Single-Copy Gene Expression System
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Cited by 1 •
2024
We describe a facile procedure for the single-copy chromosomal complementation of an efflux pump gene using a mini-Tn7-based expression system into an engineered efflux-deficient strain of Acinetobacter baumannii. This precise genetic tool allows for controlled gene expression, which is key for the characterization of efflux pumps in multidrug resistant pathogens.
07:08
High-Density Lipoprotein-Specific Phospholipid Efflux Assay
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2025
Herein, we describe the protocols to measure the amount of fluorescent phospholipid specifically removed from lipid donor particles by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) present in whole human plasma or serum. We have shown that this metric of HDL functionality predicts incident cardiovascular disease.
FAQs
As the liquid drains, the height of liquid above the opening decreases. That reduction in hydrostatic pressure lowers the driving head and therefore changes the outflow velocity during the discharge. Torricelli’s law describes this ideal behavior, so efflux-time analysis must account for a changing flow rate rather than treating the outlet velocity as constant.
Real outlets do not behave exactly like ideal orifices. A discharge coefficient adjusts the ideal prediction to represent actual outflow, while flow resistance further influences how rapidly liquid leaves the vessel. Including these effects makes the calculated time more useful for engineering design, tank-draining predictions, and interpretation of measured flow behavior.
The driving condition changes throughout the discharge because the liquid level continuously falls. Consequently, the outflow velocity is higher when the liquid head is greater and changes as the vessel empties. This time-dependent behavior distinguishes draining analysis from a constant-flow approximation and explains why the complete discharge cannot be represented by one unchanging outlet velocity.
Engineers can compare the observed draining time with a prediction based on the vessel, opening, liquid head, and ideal outflow relationship. Differences between predicted and measured behavior reveal the influence of discharge coefficients or flow resistance. This comparison supports calibration of flow measurements and helps determine whether a hydraulic model represents the real system adequately.
Designers use the relationship between liquid level, driving head, and changing outflow to predict how a storage vessel will drain. Those predictions help evaluate outlet sizing and expected discharge behavior before equipment is built. Accounting for nonideal resistance is important when the design must reflect actual hydraulic performance rather than an idealized orifice alone.
The analysis provides a practical way to study unsteady flow in laboratory demonstrations and to evaluate draining behavior in hydraulic equipment. It also helps engineers assess process-control systems in which liquid level and outlet flow change together. These applications connect fluid-mechanics principles with measurable vessel performance and operating decisions.