Vaccine Efficacy
Vaccine Efficacy - Related Videos
01:51
Vaccinations
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2019
Overview Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material from pathogens to confer immunity against a specific microorganism. Vaccination primes the immune system to recognize and mount an immune response faster and more effectively if the real pathogen is encountered. Vaccinations are one of the most efficient ways to protect both individual humans and the general public from disease. A growing anti-vaccination skepticism risks the successes of vaccination programs that helped reduce...
08:52
Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Cited by 5 •
2019
Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.
06:17
Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
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Cited by 27 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol for synthesizing virus-like particles using either baculovirus or mammalian expression systems, and ultracentrifugation purification. This highly customizable approach is used to identify viral antigens as vaccine targets in a safe and flexible manner.
07:33
Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
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Cited by 18 •
2014
Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination often fails to stimulate strong immune responses due to week drainage of the vaccine to lymph nodes and consequently poor involvement of immune cells. By direct injection of vaccine to lymph nodes, so-called intralymphatic injection, vaccine efficacy can be strongly improved and vaccine doses can be reduced.
06:26
Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis
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Cited by 1 •
2023
The determination of colony-forming units (CFU) is the gold-standard technique for quantifying bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can take weeks to form visible colonies. Here we describe a micro-CFU for CFU determination with increased time efficiency, reduced lab space and reagent cost, and scalability to medium and high throughput experiments.
FAQs
Antigen-specific antibodies and cellular immune responses generated after vaccination provide complementary protection. Antibodies can contribute to limiting pathogen replication, while cellular responses are part of the immune activity associated with controlling infection and reducing severe outcomes. This mechanism helps explain why efficacy studies may assess infection, disease, or severity rather than relying on immune response alone.
Vaccine efficacy is measured under defined conditions, so results reflect the pathogen variant, population studied, and outcome selected. Comparisons across variants can reveal differences in protection, while population comparisons identify groups in which outcomes differ. Evaluating endpoints such as infection or disease also changes what protection is being measured, supporting more precise interpretation of immune protection.
Efficacy findings provide a controlled benchmark for interpreting real-world vaccine effectiveness. Because efficacy is established through controlled clinical-trial comparisons, researchers can use it as a reference when examining protection outside those defined study conditions. This distinction helps connect experimental evidence with observations from broader populations and settings without treating the two measures as interchangeable.
Investigators compare infection or disease rates in vaccinated participants with rates in an unvaccinated comparison group under defined trial conditions. The relative reduction between these groups supplies the efficacy estimate. Studies may evaluate infection, disease, or severe outcomes, so the selected endpoint determines which aspect of protection the result represents.
The endpoint determines whether a study captures protection against infection, disease, or severe outcomes. A result based on infection rates addresses a different question from one based on disease rates, even when both arise from the same trial comparison. Reporting the endpoint therefore clarifies the outcome being measured and prevents broad conclusions that exceed the study’s evidence.
Efficacy findings inform several decisions across the vaccine research pathway. Developers can use them to assess candidate performance, while dosing schedules can be guided by observed protection. Regulatory decisions also draw on these data. In immunology and infection research, comparisons across endpoints, variants, and populations help determine which evidence is most relevant to each decision.