Spacer Effect
Spacer Effect - Related Videos
08:51
Genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus by Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR)
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Cited by 9 •
2016
Here, ribosomal spacer PCR (RS-PCR) is used together with a miniaturized electrophoresis system as a fast and high resolution method for genotyping S. aureus at moderate costs allowing a high throughput.
10:42
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10
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Cited by 8 •
2016
Here, we present a protocol to quantify allergen-loaded particles by flow cytometry. Ambient particulate matter particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens. We show here that flow cytometry, a method widely used to characterize suspended solids >0.5 µm in diameter, can be used to measure these allergen-loaded particles.
10:24
Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro
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Cited by 10 •
2015
We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.
02:53
CRISPR and crRNAs
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2020
Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea. The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
08:04
Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster
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Cited by 27 •
2015
The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.
FAQs
The holding chamber changes the aerosol plume after it leaves the pressurized metered-dose inhaler. Its added distance and volume slow the plume, while larger droplets can settle on the chamber surfaces or evaporate. This changes the particle mixture available for inhalation, helping shift medication deposition away from the mouth and throat and toward the lower airways.
Less deposition in the mouth and throat means a greater proportion of the inhaled medication can be directed toward the lower airways, where treatment is intended to act in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The spacer effect therefore concerns not only comfort or convenience, but also how consistently the prescribed aerosol reaches the relevant respiratory region.
With direct inhaler use, the patient must coordinate actuation with inhalation so the aerosol enters the respiratory tract at the appropriate moment. A holding chamber temporarily contains the plume, giving the patient more opportunity to inhale it after actuation. This reduces the dependence on exact timing and can make delivery more consistent when technique or coordination is limited.
The benefit is particularly relevant for people who find inhaler coordination difficult, including children, older adults, and patients with limited inhaler technique. By making the timing of actuation and inhalation less demanding, the chamber can reduce technique-related variation. In clinical use, that may support more reliable delivery of inhaled therapy than poorly coordinated direct inhalation.
The inhaler is placed at the chamber entrance, and the medication is actuated into the holding chamber rather than directly into the mouth. The patient then inhales the aerosol from the chamber. This sequence allows the plume to slow and larger droplets to settle or evaporate before inhalation, which is the physical basis of the spacer effect.
A spacer may be considered when inhaled therapy is being delivered for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the patient has difficulty coordinating inhaler actuation with inhalation. Its use can improve consistency and clinical effectiveness by supporting lower-airway delivery. The approach is also relevant when age or limited inhaler technique makes direct use less reliable.
The spacer effect can influence both where medication deposits and how consistently it is delivered. By reducing mouth and throat deposition and supporting lower-airway delivery, the chamber may improve the clinical effectiveness of inhaled treatment. Its value is therefore assessed through the relationship between aerosol behavior, patient technique, and the consistency of therapy in respiratory disease.